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HOW THE CORONAVIRUS INFECTS OUR CELLS

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biology

SARS-CoV-2 entry into human airway organoids is serine protease-mediated and facilitated by the multibasic cleavage site

Anna Z. Mykytyn et al.

Summary: The entry of coronavirus is mediated by the spike protein, which is cleaved by different proteases depending on cell lines. Studies have shown that the presence of a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases infectivity in human airway cells. The virus enters cells using serine proteases, indicating that the MBCS may be an adaptation to this viral entry strategy.

ELIFE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the mRNA export machinery to inhibit host gene expression

Ke Zhang et al.

Summary: The research shows that the virulence factor Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the host messenger RNA (mRNA) export receptor heterodimer NXF1-NXT1, leading to retention of cellular mRNAs in the nucleus during infection. Increasing levels of NXF1 can rescue the Nsp1-mediated mRNA export block and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antagonizing the inhibitory function of Nsp1 on mRNA export may represent a strategy to restore proper antiviral host gene expression in infected cells.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein dictates syncytium-mediated lymphocyte elimination

Zhengrong Zhang et al.

Summary: In COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the presence of heterotypic cell-in-cell structures in lung tissues with lymphocytes inside multinucleate syncytia. The membrane fusion induced by the spike glycoprotein is controlled by a bi-arginine motif, and candidate anti-viral drugs can efficiently inhibit this process. This study provides insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and identifies potential novel targets for COVID-19 therapy.

CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Drugs that inhibit TMEM16 proteins block SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced syncytia

Luca Braga et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients' lungs contain infected pneumocytes with abnormal morphology and frequent multinucleation, leading to the formation of syncytia driven by the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The antihelminthic drug niclosamide has shown to effectively inhibit cell fusion, potentially providing a new therapeutic approach for COVID-19 disease pathogenesis.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 uses a multipronged strategy to impede host protein synthesis

Yaara Finkel et al.

Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a global reduction in translation and accelerated degradation of cytosolic cellular mRNAs. It also impairs the translation of transcripts induced in response to infection, probably mediated by inhibition of nuclear mRNA export.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets

Thomas P. Peacock et al.

Summary: Efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among infected ferrets is dependent on a functional furin cleavage site in the spike protein. The virus has a selective advantage in lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cells due to a polybasic insertion, but replication may be impaired in certain cell lines.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation, and antigenicity

Sophie M-C Gobeil et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple spike mutations have increased transmission and resistance to antibodies. Research showed that these variants have enhanced receptor binding and a preference for receptor binding domain up states. Different variants exhibit different mechanisms for resistance to neutralizing antibodies, which helps explain their transmission and resistance.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

TMEM41B is a host factor required for the replication of diverse coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

Joseph D. Trimarco et al.

Summary: The ER-resident host protein TMEM41B has been identified as an essential factor for multiple coronaviruses, including HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. It likely contributes to viral replication complex formation by mobilizing cholesterol and other lipids to facilitate host membrane expansion and curvature. Targeting TMEM41B and its associated pathways may lead to the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus therapeutics.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and potential intervention approaches

Jasmin Khateeb et al.

Summary: Mutations in VOCs can increase the transmissibility of the virus and potentially impact vaccine efficacy, highlighting the need for combination therapeutic strategies.

CRITICAL CARE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in patients hospitalized with Covid-19-a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Jesper D. Gunst et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in Covid-19 patients through a randomized controlled trial. The results showed that camostat mesilate treatment did not prolong time to clinical improvement and did not increase the occurrence of adverse events.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Cell Biology

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

Manli Wang et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells

Markus Hoffmann et al.

MOLECULAR CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing

David E. Gordon et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Jian Shang et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Does SARS-CoV-2 Bind to Human ACE2 More Strongly Than Does SARS-CoV?

Hoang Linh Nguyen et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis for translational shutdown and immune evasion by the Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2

Matthias Thoms et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A molecular pore spans the double membrane of the coronavirus replication organelle

Georg Wolff et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions

Zunlong Ke et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 binds the ribosomal mRNA channel to inhibit translation

Katharina Schubert et al.

NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges

Beata Turonova et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Lorenzo Casalino et al.

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

β-Coronaviruses Use Lysosomes for Egress Instead of the Biosynthetic Secretory Pathway

Sourish Ghosh et al.

CELL (2020)

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