期刊
JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH
卷 31, 期 2, 页码 210-218出版社
MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0153
关键词
feminine hygiene products; volatile organic compounds; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; women
类别
资金
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health [P30ES017885]
- NIEHS [R01-ES026964]
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [T42-OH008455]
The study found that using different menstrual products during menstruation may affect women's exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with tampon users showing higher VOC concentrations. A larger-scale study is needed to further confirm these results and evaluate their clinical implications.
Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in feminine hygiene products (FHPs), especially in tampons and sanitary pads. However, little is known about whether menstrual products can contribute to VOC exposure in women. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the variations of urinary VOC concentrations during menstrual cycles; (2) evaluate the relationships between the use of menstrual products and urinary VOC concentrations; and (3) link urinary VOC concentrations to those measured in menstrual products. Methods: We measured urinary concentrations of 98 target VOCs in 25 reproductive-aged women with 100 repeated measures collected between October 2018 and February 2019. First-morning-void urine samples were collected four times for each woman during one menstrual cycle. Urinary VOC concentrations were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: Of 98 target VOCs measured in the urine samples, 36 VOCs were detected. We did not see statistically significant variations in VOC concentrations across the menstrual cycle. After multivariable adjustment, tampon users had significantly higher concentrations of 2-butanone (beta = 1.58 log ng/g, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16-3.00, p = 0.03) and methyl isobutyl ketone (beta = 0.63 log ng/g, 95% CI: 0.03-1.22, p = 0.04), compared with pad users. Higher n-nonane, benzene, and toluene estimated from menstrual products were associated with higher urinary concentrations in women. Conclusion: The use of FHPs during menses might be a potential source of VOCs. A larger cohort study is warranted to confirm our results and evaluate clinical implications.
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