The Borna Disease Virus 2 (BoDV-2) Nucleoprotein Is a Conspecific Protein That Enhances BoDV-1 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity

An RNA virus-based episomal vector (REVec) based on Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a promising viral vector that achieves stable and long-term gene expression in transduced cells. However, the onerous procedure of reverse genetics used to generate an REVec is one of the challenges that must be overcome to make REVec technologies practical for use. In this study, to resolve the problems posed by reverse genetics, we focused on BoDV-2, a conspecific virus of BoDV-1 in the Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus. We synthesized the BoDV-2 nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) according to the reference sequences and evaluated their effects on the RNA polymerase activity of the BoDV-1 large protein (L) and viral replication. In the minireplicon assay, we found that BoDV-2 N significantly enhanced BoDV-1 polymerase activity and that BoDV-2 P supported further enhancement of this activity by N. A single amino acid substitution assay identified serine at position 30 of BoDV-2 N and alanine at position 24 of BoDV-2 P as critical amino acid residues for the enhancement of BoDV-1 polymerase activity. In reverse genetics, con-versely, BoDV-2 N alone was sufficient to increase the rescue efficiency of the REVec. We showed that the REVec can be rescued directly from transfected 293T cells by using BoDV-2 N as a helper plasmid without cocultivation with Vero cells and following several weeks of passage. In addition, a chimeric REVec harboring the BoDV-2 N produced much higher levels of transgene mRNA and genomic RNA than the wild-type REVec in trans-duced cells. Our results contribute to not only improvements to the REVec system but also to understanding of the molecular regulation of orthobornavirus polymerase activity. IMPORTANCE Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), a prototype virus of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus, is a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus that persists in the host nucleus. The nucleoprotein (N) of BoDV-1 encapsidates genomic and antigenomic viral RNA, playing important roles in viral transcription and replication. In this study, we dem-onstrated that the N of BoDV-2, another genotype in the species Mammalian 1 orthobor-navirus, can participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein complex of BoDV-1 and enhance the activity of BoDV-1 polymerase (L) in both the BoDV-1 minireplicon assay and reverse genetics system. Chimeric recombinant BoDV-1 expressing BoDV-2 N but not BoDV-1 N showed higher transcription and replication levels, whereas the propagation and infec-tious particle production of the chimeric virus were comparable to those of wild-type BoDV-1, suggesting that the level of viral replication in the nucleus is not directly involved in the progeny virion production of BoDVs. Our results demonstrate a molecular mecha-nism of bornaviral polymerase activity, which will contribute to further development of vector systems using orthobornaviruses.

Automated summary

This study focused on BoDV-2 in the Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus, demonstrating that the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of BoDV-2 can enhance the polymerase activity of BoDV-1, leading to increased efficiency of REVec recovery and gene expression levels.