A dynamical model for the origin of anisogamy

The vast majority of multi-cellular organisms are anisogamous, meaning that male and female sex cells differ in size. It remains an open question how this asymmetric state evolved, presumably from the symmetric isogamous state where all gametes are roughly the same size (drawn from the same distribution). Here, we use tools from the study of nonlinear dynamical systems to develop a simple mathematical model for this phenomenon. Unlike some prior work, we do not assume the existence of mating types. We also model frequency dependent selection via mean-field coupling, whereby the likelihood that a gamete survives is an increasing function of its size relative to the population's mean gamete size. Using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we demonstrate that this mean-referenced competition will almost inevitably result in a stable anisogamous equilibrium, and thus isogamy may naturally lead to anisogamy. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The vast majority of multi-cellular organisms are anisogamous, with differences in size between male and female sex cells. This asymmetry is believed to have evolved from a symmetric isogamous state, where all gametes were roughly the same size. By using a mathematical model and frequency dependent selection, it was demonstrated that isogamy may naturally lead to anisogamy.