Comparison of organic and deep eutectic solvents based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of phytosterols in cow milk combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector

In the present work, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction approach has been developed for extraction of four phytosterols (stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and brassicasterol) from cow milk samples using organic and deep eutectic solvents and the results were critically compared. The extracted analytes were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. In the developed method, carbon tetrachloride and choline chloride:p-chlorophenol deep eutectic solvent were selected to use as the best extraction solvent. Effective parameters and validation data were studied for both methods, independently. Under optimum conditions, limits of detection and quantification were within the ranges of 0.3-0.9 and 1.0-3.0 ng/mL for organic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and 0.09-0.32 and 0.3-1.0 ng/mL for deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, respectively. Good coefficient of determinations and relative standard deviations obtained for the methods were >= 0.994 and <= 7.6%, respectively. The introduced method was performed on different milk samples for the determination of target analytes using both solvents and the results were analyzed statistically by the t-test.

Automated summary

A new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for the extraction of four phytosterols from cow milk samples, achieving successful results. The deep eutectic solvent showed superior extraction performance compared to the organic solvent based method, as evidenced by the experimental data.