Novel TREM2 splicing isoform that lacks the V-set immunoglobulin domain is abundant in the human brain

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immunoglobulin-like receptor expressed by certain myeloid cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, and microglia. In the brain, TREM2 plays an important role in the immune function of microglia, and its dysfunction is linked to various neurodegenerative conditions in humans. Ablation of TREM2 or its adaptor protein TYROBP causes polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (also known as Nasu-Hakola disorder) with early onset of dementia, whereas some missense variants in TREM2 are associated with an increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The human TREM2 gene is subject to alternative splicing, and its major, full-length canonic transcript encompasses 5 exons. Herein, we report a novel alternatively spliced TREM2 isoform without exon 2 (Delta e2), which constitutes a sizable fraction of TREM2 transcripts and has highly variable inter-individual expression in the human brain (average frequency 10%; range 3.7-35%). The protein encoded by Delta e2 lacks a V-set immunoglobulin domain from its extracellular part but retains its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. We demonstrated Delta e2 protein expression in TREM2-positive THP-1 cells, in which the expression of full-length transcript was precluded by CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of the exon 2 coding frame. Similar to the full-length TREM2, Delta e2 is sorted to the plasma membrane and is subject to receptor shedding. In add-back experiments, Delta e2 TREM2 had diminished capacity to restore phagocytosis of amyloid beta peptide and promote IFN-I response as compared to full-length TREM2. Our findings suggest that changes in the balance of two mutually exclusive TREM2 isoforms may modify the dosage of full-length transcript potentially weakening some TREM2 receptor functions in the human brain.

Automated summary

TREM2 is crucial in the immune function of microglia and its dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. A novel alternatively spliced isoform of TREM2, △e2, may modify the receptor's functions.