Relaxor characteristics and pyroelectric energy harvesting performance of BaTi0.91Sn0.09O3 ceramic

Ferroelectric materials are used in a number of applications such as sensors, transducers and health monitoring systems. The multi-physical coupling ability possessed by these materials has been established to be useful for energy harvesting applications. Lead-free BaTi0.91Sn0.09O3 ceramic has been successfully synthesized by the conventional solid-state method. The structural information of our sample has been determined by combining the Rietveld refinement using X-ray diffraction data and the Raman spectra. Based on the dielectric properties, the ferroelectric behavior of relaxor has been observed. Permittivity data have been fitted based on empirical laws describing the diffuse phase transition in the relaxor. A saturated hysteresis loop has been obtained at room temperature. The variation of remnant polarization, maximum polarization and squareness of the hysteresis loop as a function of temperature are in good accordance with phase transition deduced from dielectric properties. Based on Arrhenius' law, the link between the temperature and the back-switching polarization is estimated in order to assess the average activation energy. Our sample has shown a recovered energy density equal to 48.18 mJ/cm(3) at 110 degrees C under an electric field of 30 kV/cm, with an energy efficiency of 41%. Furthermore, the properties of pyroelectric energy harvesting according to Olsen cycle have been studied. The maximum density of pyroelectric energy harvesting per cycle for our studied ceramic has been calculated. It was found to be 210 kJ/m(3) for an electric field of 0-30 kV/cm and in temperature ranging from 20 degrees to 120 degrees C. This result leads to the ability to use our sample for energy conversion applications. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Ferroelectric materials, such as lead-free BaTi0.91Sn0.09O3 ceramic, are widely used in sensors, transducers, and health monitoring systems due to their multi-physical coupling ability for energy harvesting applications. The structural information of the sample was determined using X-ray diffraction data and Raman spectra, showing ferroelectric behavior in relaxation. The sample exhibited a recovered energy density of 48.18 mJ/cm(3) and an energy efficiency of 41%, making it suitable for energy conversion applications.