Attention, rumination and depression in youth with negative inferential styles: A prospective study

Background: Negative inferential style, rumination and attention are cognitive vulnerabilities implicated in depression that first emerge in childhood and adolescence. Methods: The current study used a prospective longitudinal design to examine whether rumination mediates the relationship between attention (selective attention, sustained attention, attentional switching, and divided attention) and depression (depressive symptoms and depressive episode onset) conditional on negative inferential style. A diverse community sample of adolescents (n = 364) completed semi-structured diagnostic interviews, behavioral measures of attention, and self-report measures of rumination, negative inferential style, and depression annually for three consecutive years. Results: Rumination mediated the relationship between strong sustained attention and both depressive symptoms and disorder onset conditional on negative inferential style. Specifically, adolescents high in negative inferential style with strong sustained attention were more likely to experience increased subsequent rumination that, in turn, led to increased depressive symptoms and episode onset. In contrast to study hypotheses, there were no significant effects for models that included selective attention, attentional switching, or divided attention. Limitations: Significant effects were relatively small, and therefore, should be interpreted with caution and require replication. We were unable to control for intelligence, and as a result, stronger sustained attention may be indicative of higher intelligence. Conclusions: Stronger sustained attention in early adolescence compared to peers may facilitate rumination on negative self-evaluation and subsequent depression. Use of non-emotion-relevant stimuli to assess attention may account for the lack of findings for selective attention, attentional switching, or divided attention. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Automated summary

This study found that rumination mediated the relationship between strong sustained attention and depressive symptoms and disorder onset in the presence of negative inferential style. Surprisingly, there were no significant effects for selective attention, attentional switching, or divided attention. However, the significant effects observed in the study were relatively small and require caution in interpretation.