4.7 Review

Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Bone Healing: Molecular Pathways and Clinical Applications

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A Review of Recent Developments in the Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Healing

Emerito Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan

Summary: This article reviews recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of bone healing and presents various biological alternatives for treating recalcitrant nonunions, such as using morin, BMP9, and leptin. It also discusses factors that impact bone regeneration, including inhibition of estrogen receptor signaling, smoking-induced inflammatory responses, and delayed fracture healing in diabetic animals due to BMP6 deficiency. The combination of bioceramics and expanded autologous human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow is highlighted as a promising alternative for treating nonunions that do not respond well to traditional treatments.

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