期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 22, 期 11, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797
关键词
nausea; vomiting; emesis; G-protein coupled receptors; signaling pathway; Ca2+; brainstem; the gastrointestinal tract
资金
- WesternU Research Fund [12559]
- NIH-NCI Grant [R01 CA207288]
- NIH-NHLBI [HL143545-01A1]
Nausea and vomiting are considered defense mechanisms triggered by threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi entering the body. Vomiting involves forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, while nausea is a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species.
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
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