期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 22, 期 12, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126629
关键词
smoking; bone metabolism; fracture healing; surgical complications; smoking cessation
资金
- F.I.R.M.O. Foundation
Cigarette smoking negatively impacts the skeletal system by reducing bone mass and increasing fracture risk. It also causes an imbalance in bone turnover, making bones vulnerable to osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Smoking is known to have deleterious effects on fracture healing and leads to longer hospital stays and increased resource consumption.
Cigarette smoking has a negative impact on the skeletal system, as it reduces bone mass and increases fracture risk through its direct or indirect effects on bone remodeling. Recent evidence demonstrates that smoking causes an imbalance in bone turnover, making bone vulnerable to osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Moreover, cigarette smoking is known to have deleterious effects on fracture healing, as a positive correlation between the daily number of cigarettes smoked and years of exposure has been shown, even though the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is also well known that smoking causes several medical/surgical complications responsible for longer hospital stays and a consequent increase in the consumption of resources. Smoking cessation is, therefore, highly advisable to prevent the onset of bone metabolic disease. However, even with cessation, some of the consequences appear to continue for decades afterwards. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to evaluate the impact of smoking on the skeletal system, especially on bone fractures, and to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the impairment of fracture healing. Since smoking is a major public health concern, understanding the association between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of bone disease is necessary in order to identify potential new targets for intervention.
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