Probing the Bioavailability of Dissolved Iron to Marine Eukaryotic Phytoplankton Using In Situ Single Cell Iron Quotas

We present a new approach for quantifying the bioavailability of dissolved iron (dFe) to oceanic phytoplankton. Bioavailability is defined using an uptake rate constant (k(in-app)) computed by combining data on: (a) Fe content of individual in situ phytoplankton cells; (b) concurrently determined seawater dFe concentrations; and (c) growth rates estimated from the PISCES model. We examined 930 phytoplankton cells, collected between 2002 and 2016 from 45 surface stations during 11 research cruises. This approach is only valid for cells that have upregulated their high-affinity Fe uptake system, so data were screened, yielding 560 single cell k(in-app) values from 31 low-Fe stations. We normalized k(in-app) to cell surface area (S.A.) to account for cell-size differences. The resulting bioavailability proxy (k(in-app)/S.A.) varies among cells, but all values are within bioavailability limits predicted from defined Fe complexes. In situ dFe bioavailability is higher than model Fe-siderophore complexes and often approaches that of highly available inorganic Fe '. Station averaged k(in-app)/S.A. are also variable but show no systematic changes across location, temperature, dFe, and phytoplankton taxa. Given the relative consistency of k(in-app)/S.A. among stations (ca. five-fold variation), we computed a grand-averaged dFe availability, which upon normalization to cell carbon (C) yields k(in-app)/C of 42,200 +/- 11,000 L mol C-1 d(-1). We utilize k(in-app)/C to calculate dFe uptake rates and residence times in low Fe oceanic regions. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of k(in-app)/C for constraining Fe uptake rates in earth system models, such as those predicting climate mediated changes in net primary production in the Fe-limited Equatorial Pacific.

Automated summary

A new approach for quantifying the bioavailability of dissolved iron (dFe) to oceanic phytoplankton was presented. In situ dFe bioavailability was found to be higher than model Fe-siderophore complexes, and the k(in-app)/C ratio is important for predicting dFe uptake rates and residence times in low Fe oceanic regions. The method demonstrated applicability for constraining Fe uptake rates in earth system models, particularly in predicting climate mediated changes in net primary production in Fe-limited regions like the Equatorial Pacific.