Banting Memorial Lecture 2021-Banting, banting, banter and bravado: Convictions meet evidence in the scientific process Diabetes UK Professional Conference, 27 April 2021

This personal account presents some glimpses into the clinical research processes which have made radical changes to our understanding of disease and treatment, and some characteristics of researchers, drawn from history and personal experiences around obesity and type 2 diabetes. Some summary messages emerge: The history of clinical diabetes research has shown how, perhaps through skilful leadership, combining very different personalities, skills and motivation can solve great challenges: Type 2 diabetes is a primary nutritional disease, secondary to the disease-process of obesity, not a primary endocrine disease. Type 2 diabetes is a manifestation of the disease-process of obesity, revealed by weight gain in people with underlying metabolic syndrome genetics/diathesis, mediated in large part at least by reversible ectopic fat accumulation impairing function of organs (liver, pancreas, brown adipose tissue). Treat overweight/obesity more seriously (defined as a disease-process with multiple organ-specific complications-not as a disease-state or BMI cut-off). Discuss the complications and risks of T2D openly: remission is as important as for cancers. Offer and support an optimal dietary weight management program as soon as possible from diagnosis, specifically aiming for remission: (a) Warn against non-evidence-based programs that look similar or claim to have similar potential: we have fully evidence-based programs; (b) Target sustained loss of >15 kg for Europeans (possibly less, e.g. >10 kg for Asians?). Increase future research support to enhance long-term weight loss maintenance. Several approaches need consideration: (a) Personalise diet compositions (recognising there is no intrinsic advantage from different carbohydrate/fat content). (b) Novel diet strategies (e.g. 5:2, time-restricted, flexible diet compositions). (c) New pharmaceutical agents as adjuncts to diet if necessary. (d) Novel food supplements to increase endogenous GLP-1 secretion.

Automated summary

The article summarizes the history of clinical diabetes research and some personal experiences, emphasizing the connection between obesity and type 2 diabetes, and recommending a focus on overweight/obesity and a dietary plan for weight management. It also points out some strategies for future research, such as personalized diet compositions and novel pharmaceutical agents.