SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Therapy

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Remdesivir Metabolite GS-441524 Effectively Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mouse Models

Yingjun Li et al.

Summary: The article reports that the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, GS-441524, shows potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication and has high efficacy in reducing viral titers in infected organs without notable toxicity in animal studies.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases and Polymerase for COVID-19 Treatment: State of the Art and Future Opportunities

Rolando Cannalire et al.

Summary: This article discusses the urgent need to identify drugs for treating COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases. Different strategies targeting the virus or host cells are being investigated. The article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 proteases and RdRp with other coronavirus counterparts, highlighting the most promising inhibitors reported so far and potential strategies for further development.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Immunology

AVIFAVIR for Treatment of Patients With Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Interim Results of a Phase II/III Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial

Andrey A. Ivashchenko et al.

Summary: In May 2020, AVIFAVIR, an RNA polymerase inhibitor, was granted fast-track marketing authorization by the Russian Ministry of Health for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In the pilot stage of Phase II/III clinical trial, AVIFAVIR demonstrated a 62.5% viral clearance rate within 4 days for SARS-CoV-2 patients and was shown to be safe and well-tolerated.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by neutralizing antibodies

Meng Yuan et al.

Summary: Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, researchers from diverse biomedical and biological disciplines have collaborated to study the novel pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2. The focus has been on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, crucial for vaccine and therapeutic development. Most of the neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 target the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD).

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Use of Ivermectin Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 The Ivermectin in COVID Nineteen Study

Juliana Cepelowicz Rajter et al.

Summary: Ivermectin treatment was associated with lower mortality in COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe pulmonary involvement, suggesting its potential effectiveness in reducing mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

CHEST (2021)

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Article Immunology

Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients With Prolonged Postsymptomatic Viral Shedding With Leflunomide: A Single-center Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Mengmei Wang et al.

Summary: In COVID-19 patients with prolonged PCR positivity, no benefit was observed in terms of the duration of viral shedding with the combined treatment of leflunomide and IFN-alpha-2a beyond IFN-alpha-2a alone.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults With Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Oriol Mitja et al.

Summary: A study conducted in Spain showed that early treatment with hydroxychloroquine did not bring more benefits than usual care for patients with mild COVID-19. The treatment did not reduce the risk of hospitalization or shorten the time to complete resolution of symptoms.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Clinical Outcomes and Plasma Concentrations of Baloxavir Marboxil and Favipiravir in COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Randomized, Controlled Trial

Yan Lou et al.

Summary: Effective antiviral drugs for COVID-19 are still lacking and this study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and plasma concentrations of baloxavir acid and favipiravir in COVID-19 patients. In vitro evaluation showed that baloxavir acid exhibited antiviral activity, while favipiravir did not demonstrate significant antiviral activity. However, the addition of either baloxavir marboxil or favipiravir under the trial dosages did not show clear benefits compared to standard treatment.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir regimens for the treatment of COVID-19: an individual patient data meta-analysis

Bryony Simmons et al.

Summary: The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir has shown positive clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, including higher clinical recovery rates within 14 days, shorter time to clinical recovery, and lower all-cause mortality. However, the sample size of the analysis was relatively small, some trials were non-randomized, and the designs were not standardized, indicating the need for larger randomized controlled trials to confirm these results.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Virology

The Inhaled Steroid Ciclesonide Blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication by Targeting the Viral Replication-Transcription Complex in Cultured Cells

Shutoku Matsuyama et al.

Summary: The study found that the inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide can inhibit the replication of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, with potential use in treating COVID-19. Ciclesonide also successfully suppressed the replication of 15 resistant mutants, making it a promising broad-spectrum antiviral drug.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bi-paratopic and multivalent VH domains block ACE2 binding and neutralize SARS-CoV-2

Colton J. Bracken et al.

Summary: This study presents a strategy to rapidly identify and assemble synthetic human VH domains for neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, which was proven to be effective through experimental validation.

NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Off-Target In Vitro Profiling Demonstrates that Remdesivir Is a Highly Selective Antiviral Agent

Yili Xu et al.

Summary: Remdesivir is the first FDA-approved antiviral for COVID-19 treatment, with broad-spectrum activity against various coronaviruses. Studies have shown low off-target toxicity in cellular assays, indicating a favorable safety profile.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.

Summary: Severe cases of COVID-19 show increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high antibody levels. High neutralization potency is a predictor of survival. Patient sera can neutralize different strains, indicating cross-protection from reinfection.

CELL (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Making Sense of Contradictory Evidence in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Trials

Ryan C. Maves

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors

Riddhidev Banerjee et al.

Summary: This review focuses on recent developments in the search for small-molecule inhibitors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 M-pro, aiming at discovering and designing drugs targeting the key target in the viral replication cycle.

DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY (2021)

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Article Respiratory System

Early use of nitazoxanide in mild COVID-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Patricia R. M. Rocco et al.

Summary: In patients with mild COVID-19, there was no difference in symptom resolution between nitazoxanide and placebo groups after 5 days of treatment, but early nitazoxanide therapy significantly reduced viral load.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Robert L. Gottlieb et al.

Summary: The study showed that treatment with bamlanivimab and etesevimab was significantly associated with a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load at day 11 in nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, compared to placebo. However, bamlanivimab monotherapy did not show a significant reduction in viral load. Ongoing clinical trials will focus on assessing the clinical benefits of antispike neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Bryan A. Johnson et al.

Summary: The genetic mutation in SARS-CoV-2 resulted in better fitness in some cells but lower replication capacity in human respiratory cell lines. Despite reducing disease symptoms, the Delta PRRA mutant provided protection against rechallenge with the wildtype SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A trimeric human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent

Tianshu Xiao et al.

Summary: This study introduces a trimeric ACE2 ectodomain variant engineered using a structure-based approach, which has a high binding affinity for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, preserved peptidase activity, and the ability to block angiotensin II receptor activation. The engineered ACE2 also shows potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture, suggesting it may be a promising therapeutic agent for COVID-19.

NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19-Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results

Summary: The authors of the study reported the interim results of using four repurposed antiviral drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study showed that these drug regimens had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19

D. M. Weinreich et al.

Summary: Recent data indicate that complications and death from Covid-19 may be related to high viral loads. In this trial involving nonhospitalized patients, a cocktail of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (REGN-COV2) reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients with no immune response or high viral load at baseline. Safety outcomes were similar between REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults

R. Libster et al.

Summary: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 in older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms found that early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma reduced the progression of Covid-19 in mildly ill infected older adults.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for Prevention of Covid-19

Oriol Mitja et al.

Summary: In a trial involving asymptomatic contacts of patients with PCR-confirmed Covid-19 in Spain, the authors compared the use of hydroxychloroquine with usual care. Postexposure therapy with hydroxychloroquine did not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or symptomatic Covid-19 in healthy persons.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19

Summary: In a platform trial involving patients hospitalized with Covid-19, among 314 patients who were also being treated with remdesivir, those who received the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 did not have better pulmonary function at day 5 than those who received placebo. The trial was stopped for futility.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19

M. J. Joyner et al.

Summary: This study found that higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in convalescent plasma were associated with a lower risk of death among patients hospitalized with Covid-19 who were not receiving mechanical ventilation. The association between antibody levels and mortality risk was moderated by mechanical ventilation status, with no significant effect seen in patients who had already received ventilation.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia

V. A. Simonovich et al.

Summary: There were no significant differences observed in clinical status or overall mortality between patients treated with convalescent plasma and those who received placebo in the treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia. The study results indicate that both groups had similar clinical outcomes and mortality rates after 30 days.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19

Peter Chen et al.

Summary: LY-CoV555, a neutralizing antibody, showed promising results in reducing viral load, improving symptoms, and lowering the risk of hospitalization among patients with mild or moderate Covid-19. While one of the doses appeared to accelerate the decline in viral load, others did not show significant effects by day 11.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure-guided multivalent nanobodies block SARS-CoV-2 infection and suppress mutational escape

Paul-Albert Koenig et al.

Summary: In this study, new neutralizing nanobodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were developed, showing enhanced neutralizing activity through engineering technology and successfully suppressing the emergence of escape mutants. The findings suggest that nanobodies can neutralize through receptor binding competition and also render virions noninfectious.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Slaying SARS-CoV-2 One (Single-domain) Antibody at a Time

Timothy F. Czajka et al.

Summary: Camelid-derived and synthetic single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are potent tools in fighting against the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, with the ability to be engineered for enhanced function.

TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Crystal Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease in Complex with the Non-Covalent Inhibitor ML188

Gordon J. Lockbaum et al.

Summary: Viral proteases are crucial enzymes for the maturation of human pathogenic viruses, and ML188, a non-covalent inhibitor, shows more potency against SARS-CoV-2 M-pro. These non-covalent inhibitors play a critical role in the design of DAAs for treating COVID-19.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Review Virology

Structural Analysis of Neutralizing Epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike to Guide Therapy and Vaccine Design Strategies

Maxwell T. Finkelstein et al.

Summary: This review summarizes recent studies focusing on the development of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. By studying the structural details of the virus, important information for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 can be obtained.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Cheolmin Kim et al.

Summary: A human monoclonal antibody called CT-P59 has been shown to effectively neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate significant therapeutic effects in animal models, making it a promising candidate for COVID-19 treatment.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase stalling by remdesivir

Goran Kokic et al.

Summary: Remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for treating COVID-19 patients, working by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of coronaviruses. It hinders RNA synthesis and impairs proofreading by the viral 3'-exonuclease, leading to a stalled replication process.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors as the hope for today and tomorrow

Xinling Wang et al.

PROTEIN & CELL (2021)

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Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

α1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the risk of COVID-19: an urgent call to action

Chengliang Yang et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets

Robert M. Cox et al.

Summary: Treating SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets with nucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 reduced viral load and suppressed virus spread. This therapeutic approach shows promise in breaking transmission chains of the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike glycoprotein in complex with receptor ACE2 revealed by cryo-EM

Cong Xu et al.

Summary: The recent global health emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is mediated by the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike glycoprotein and the human ACE2 receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 S trimer is more sensitive to ACE2 receptor compared to SARS-CoV S trimer, potentially contributing to its superior infectivity. Research findings depict the mechanism of ACE2-induced conformational transitions in S trimer structure, aiding in the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

The PIKfyve Inhibitor Apilimod: A Double-Edged Sword against COVID-19

Maksim V. Baranov et al.

Summary: Apilimod, a PIKfyve inhibitor, is undergoing clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment. Despite its potential to prevent viral invasion, it also blocks antiviral immune responses. This may exacerbate the immunosuppression seen in many COVID-19 patients.

CELLS (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Major Update: Remdesivir for Adults With COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians Practice Points

Anjum S. Kaka et al.

Summary: The study suggests that remdesivir may not significantly reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients, but it likely improves the percentage of patients who recover and reduces serious harms. It may also result in a small decrease in the proportion of patients needing ventilation.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Molnupiravir, a Novel Broad-Spectrum Oral Antiviral Agent with Activity against SARS-CoV-2

Wendy P. Painter et al.

Summary: Molnupiravir showed rapid appearance and dose-proportional increase in plasma, with good tolerability in healthy volunteers. The study evaluated single and multiple doses of molnupiravir and the impact of food on pharmacokinetics in subjects, showing no accumulation following multiple doses and a decrease in absorption rate when administered with food, but no decrease in overall exposure.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

AT-527, a Double Prodrug of a Guanosine Nucleotide Analog, Is a Potent Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro and a Promising Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19

Steven S. Good et al.

Summary: AT-527, an oral antiviral drug, has potent activity against various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. In vitro experiments have shown that AT-511 has high efficacy in inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2, with minimal cytotoxicity. Studies suggest that AT-527 may be an effective treatment option for COVID-19.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Differentially conserved amino acid positions may reflect differences in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV behaviour

Denisa Bojkova et al.

Summary: The study identified differences in conservation between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, leading to variations in their human-to-human transmission effectiveness and mortality rates. Variations in the S protein affected its interaction with ACE2 and sensitivity to TMPRSS2 inhibition, potentially influencing virus entry mechanisms.

BIOINFORMATICS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral spike vaccines

Xiaoying Shen et al.

Summary: Current COVID-19 vaccines target the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike, but the emerging B.1.1.7 variant with multiple spike mutations may impact some antibody therapies while posing no major concerns for vaccine efficacy or increased risk of reinfection.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies

Allison J. Greaney et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 may impact the recognition of the virus by human antibody-mediated immunity, with mutations affecting antibody binding varying significantly among individuals and within the same individual over time. Despite this variability, mutations that greatly reduce antibody binding usually occur at specific sites in the RBD, with E484 being the most crucial. These findings can inform surveillance efforts for SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the future.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Efficacy and safety of favipiravir, an oral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: A randomized, comparative, open-label, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial

Zarir F. Udwadia et al.

Summary: The study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Results showed a significant improvement in time to clinical cure with favipiravir, although there was no statistically significant difference in viral shedding cessation time.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Eduardo Lopez-Medina et al.

Summary: The study found that a 5-day course of ivermectin did not significantly improve the time to resolution of symptoms in adults with mild COVID-19, and does not support its use for treatment of mild COVID-19. Larger trials may be needed to understand the effects of ivermectin on other clinically relevant outcomes.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Immunology

Human Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Sumathi Sivapalasingam et al.

Summary: The combination of REGN3048 and REGN3051 was well tolerated and effective in both preclinical and clinical studies for reducing viral titers and lung pathology in MERS-CoV infection. The monoclonal antibodies displayed expected pharmacokinetics and were not immunogenic, supporting further development for treatment and prevention of MERS-CoV infection.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Virology

SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Spike-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Differ in Their Requirements for Receptor Expression and Proteolytic Activation

Bojan F. Hoernich et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through spike protein interaction with ACE2 and activation by proteases, showing a greater dependence on ACE2 expression and metalloproteases for cell-cell fusion compared to SARS-CoV. The inhibitor bromhexine has been reported to enhance cell fusion in the presence of TMPRSS2, cautioning against its high dosage use until further understanding of its effects on SARS-CoV-2 spike activation.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

A Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals Characterizes 3CLpro Inhibitor PF-00835231 as a Potential New Treatment for COVID-19

Maren de Vries et al.

Summary: The study compares the efficacy of the potential antiviral drug PF-00835231 with other inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, showing that PF-00835231 has similar or higher potency. It targets the main protease of the virus, potentially providing a new treatment option for COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801

Angela Wahl et al.

Summary: The study suggests that bats may be the source of coronaviruses that can be directly transmitted to humans. Using the LoM model, efficient replication of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and two SARS-like bat coronaviruses in human lung tissue was demonstrated. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 predominantly targets human lung epithelial cells and induces a sustained inflammatory response. The broad-spectrum antiviral agent EIDD-2801 significantly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo, showing potential for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Development and evaluation of inhalable composite niclosamide-lysozyme particles: A broad-spectrum, patient-adaptable treatment for coronavirus infections and sequalae

Ashlee D. Brunaugh et al.

Summary: The co-formulation of Niclosamide with human lysozyme enables the direct aerosol delivery of the drug to the respiratory tract, effectively treating COVID-19 by targeting the primary site of virus acquisition and spread. The novel formulation demonstrates potent activity against various coronavirus strains and may offer protection against secondary inflammatory lung damage, with low-cost development approach ensuring rapid clinical development and widespread utilization.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the presence of favipiravir-RTP

Katerina Naydenova et al.

Summary: The structure of the RNA polymerase inhibitor favipiravir bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been determined, revealing its binding mode at the catalytic site. The inhibitor is weakly incorporated into the RNA primer strand, leading to suppression of RNA replication in the presence of natural nucleotides.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Plitidepsin has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein eEF1A

Kris M. White et al.

Summary: The study revealed that plitidepsin possesses potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, more effective than the approved drug remdesivir. By inhibiting the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A, plitidepsin can significantly reduce viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of mice, making it a promising candidate for COVID-19 treatment.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Intranasal fusion inhibitory lipopeptide prevents direct-contact SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets

Rory D. de Vries et al.

Summary: The lipopeptide fusion inhibitors designed effectively blocked the critical first step of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Daily intranasal administration to ferrets prevented transmission completely, showcasing potential as safe and effective prophylaxis for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 M-pro inhibitors with antiviral activity in a transgenic mouse model

Jingxin Qiao et al.

Summary: The study designed and synthesized 32 new M-pro inhibitors containing bicycloproline, which showed inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2. Compounds MI-09 and MI-30 exhibited excellent antiviral activity in cell-based assays and significantly reduced lung viral loads and lung lesions in a transgenic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both also displayed good pharmacokinetic properties and safety in rats.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A small molecule compound with an indole moiety inhibits the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and blocks virus replication

Shin-ichiro Hattori et al.

Summary: In this study, two small-molecule compounds, GRL-1720 and 5h, are characterized for their anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties targeting the virus main protease (M-pro). These compounds showed synergistic antiviral effects when combined with remdesivir in vitro, indicating their potential as lead inhibitors for the development of therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure of papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2 and its complexes with non-covalent inhibitors

Jerzy Osipiuk et al.

Summary: The study focused on papain-like protease (PLpro) as a potential target for antivirals against SARS-CoV-2, identifying inhibitors and their interactions with the enzyme. The findings demonstrate the potential for developing high-affinity inhibitors through structure-based drug design efforts targeting PLpro.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification of ebselen and its analogues as potent covalent inhibitors of papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2

Ewelina Weglarz-Tomczak et al.

Summary: Organoselenium compounds were identified as a novel approach for inhibiting the activity of PL(pro)CoV2, with inhibitors showing potency in the nanomolar range for the first time. Differences between PLpro from SARS and CoV2 were also found, potentially correlating with the diverse dynamics of their replication and disease progression.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of outpatients with COVID-19: a phase 2, placebo-controlled randomised trial

Jordan J. Feld et al.

Summary: The study investigated the safety and efficacy of peginterferon lambda in treating outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Results showed that patients treated with peginterferon lambda had a faster decline in viral RNA and were more likely to clear the virus by day 7 compared to the placebo group.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

Phillip D. Monk et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the efficacy and safety of using interferon beta-1a to treat COVID-19, with results showing that patients who received treatment had higher and faster recovery rates, providing potential evidence for further clinical trials.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Challenges for Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteases as a Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19

Kas Steuten et al.

Summary: Two proteases produced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus play essential roles in viral replication, but inhibitors may also affect host cells; careful assessment of the selectivity of protease inhibitors is needed during drug development to avoid unnecessary interference with redundant pathways for viral entry.

ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

An engineered decoy receptor for SARS-CoV-2 broadly binds protein S sequence variants

Kui K. Chan et al.

Summary: The study suggests that engineered decoy receptors can tightly bind to the S protein of SARS-related viruses, and are expected to be effective against future coronavirus outbreaks.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that Camostat mesylate and its metabolite GBPA can block the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung tissue, and the related protease inhibitor Nafamostat mesylate exhibits enhanced antiviral activity.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biology

The Road towards Polyclonal Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins (Hyperimmune Serum) for Passive Immunization in COVID-19

Daniele Focosi et al.

Summary: Effective treatments specific for COVID-19 are still lacking, but passive immunotherapies based on neutralizing antibodies have shown potential benefits in early disease course. COVID-19 convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies have been granted emergency use authorization, while hyperimmune serum derived from CCP donations or animals immunized with SARS-CoV-2 antigens may be the next nAb-derived candidate.

LIFE-BASEL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

ALG-097111, a potent and selective SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease inhibitor exhibits in vivo efficacy in a Syrian Hamster model

Koen Vandyck et al.

Summary: There is an urgent need for antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro) is a promising target for antiviral therapy, but selectivity issues of inhibitors need to be addressed. ALG-097111 demonstrated potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in vivo, providing evidence for its potential as a therapeutic target.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Drug-Interaction Profile of Remdesivir, a SARS-CoV-2 Replication Inhibitor

Rita Humeniuk et al.

Summary: Remdesivir is an approved treatment for severe COVID-19 in adults and children, with a dosing regimen based on pharmacokinetic and safety evaluations. Predictions suggest low potential for drug-drug interactions and efficient conversion to the active form for effective treatment.

CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

A phase I study of high dose camostat mesylate in healthy adults provides a rationale to repurpose the TMPRSS2 inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19

Junsaku Kitagawa et al.

Summary: High-dose camostat mesylate was administered orally to healthy adults to investigate its efficacy in treating COVID-19, and the results showed it was safe and well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic differences were observed based on different meal timings, with further investigation planned in a phase III study.

CTS-CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

In vitro antiviral activity of the anti-HCV drugs daclatasvir and sofosbuvir against SARS-CoV-2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19

Carolina Q. Sacramento et al.

Summary: The study showed that the anti-HCV drugs sofosbuvir and daclatasvir have potential effects in inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 virus, making them possible candidates for COVID-19 treatment. Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir not only can prevent virus replication, but also reduce neuronal apoptosis and release of inflammatory mediators.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Molnupiravir promotes SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis via the RNA template

Calvin J. Gordon et al.

Summary: The study found that Molnupiravir or NHC can increase the mutation frequencies in replicating coronaviruses, leading to enhanced antiviral effects; NHC-TP primarily competes with CTP for incorporation, resulting in RNA mutations; Biochemical data support a mechanism of action of Molnupiravir that is primarily based on RNA mutagenesis mediated via the template strand.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Immunology

β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Through Lethal Mutagenesis But Is Also Mutagenic To Mammalian Cells

Shuntai Zhou et al.

Summary: Mutagenic ribonucleosides can serve as broad-spectrum antiviral agents, but may pose risks to the host due to their host mutagenic activity in addition to antiviral activity.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Katherine R. W. Emary et al.

Summary: A post-hoc analysis was conducted on the efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. The vaccine showed reduced neutralisation activity against the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro, but still demonstrated efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant of the virus.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Remdesivir is a delayed translocation inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 replication

Jack P. K. Bravo et al.

Summary: Remdesivir, a nucleoside analog approved by the US FDA for treating COVID-19, was found to delay chain termination by blocking RNA translocation on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, providing insights for rational design of improved antiviral drugs.

MOLECULAR CELL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Clofazimine broadly inhibits coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2

Shuofeng Yuan et al.

Summary: The anti-leprosy drug clofazimine has shown inhibitory activity against various coronaviruses, reducing viral loads in the lung and shedding, as well as alleviating inflammation. Combination with remdesivir exhibited antiviral synergy, suggesting potential for treating COVID-19 patients, particularly in resource-limited settings.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Drugs that inhibit TMEM16 proteins block SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced syncytia

Luca Braga et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients' lungs contain infected pneumocytes with abnormal morphology and frequent multinucleation, leading to the formation of syncytia driven by the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The antihelminthic drug niclosamide has shown to effectively inhibit cell fusion, potentially providing a new therapeutic approach for COVID-19 disease pathogenesis.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

David S. Khoury et al.

Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19

Carolina Lucas et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 mortality is not primarily correlated with antiviral antibody levels, but more with the slower kinetics of antibody production.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

V. Shinde et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Nanobody cocktails potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 D614G N501Y variant and protect mice

Phillip Pymm et al.

Summary: Neutralizing antibodies, particularly nanobodies, play a crucial role in immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and in the development of therapeutics for COVID-19. Researchers have identified high-affinity nanobodies that effectively disrupt the interaction between the virus and the human host cell receptor ACE2, offering promising prophylactic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Studies have shown that nanobody-Fc fusions can block viral engagement with host cells and significantly reduce viral loads in infected mice, suggesting their use as preventive agents against COVID-19.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

The neutralizing antibody, LY-CoV555, protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates

Bryan E. Jones et al.

Summary: LY-CoV555 is a novel neutralizing antibody derived from a convalescent patient with COVID-19, showing high affinity binding, potent inhibition of ACE2 binding, and strong neutralizing activity. This antibody has entered clinical trials and is being evaluated for various COVID-19 prevention and treatment indications.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Virology

Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs Using a MERS-CoV Clinical Isolate from South Korea Identifies Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19

Meehyun Ko et al.

Summary: This study identified potential therapeutic options for MERS-CoV infections and suggested basis for treating COVID-19 and other coronavirus-related illnesses by screening a variety of compounds, including existing drugs and bioactives, and testing drug combinations in vitro.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Peginterferon Lambda-1a for treatment of outpatients with uncomplicated COVID-19: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Prasanna Jagannathan et al.

Summary: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial on 120 outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 showed that a single subcutaneous dose of Peginterferon Lambda-1a (Lambda) did not shorten the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding or improve symptoms. The treatment was well tolerated but did not have a significant impact on the outcomes of the patients.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lead compounds for the development of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitors

Sho Iketani et al.

Summary: The study identifies three structurally diverse compounds as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease and provides insights for designing improved inhibitors.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Orally delivered MK-4482 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in the Syrian hamster model

Kyle Rosenke et al.

Summary: Orally administered nucleoside analog MK-4482 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in the Syrian hamster model, with an inhibitory effect observed whether the drug is given 12 hours before or 12 hours after infection. This suggests the potential of MK-4482 for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans following high-risk exposure and for treating COVID-19 patients.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits TMPRSS2 protease activity and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Lukas Wettstein et al.

Summary: This study identifies alpha (1)-antitrypsin (alpha (1)AT) as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 entry by binding and inactivating the serine protease TMPRSS2, which primes the virus spike protein for membrane fusion. Alpha (1)AT suppresses viral replication and may have therapeutic potential for COVID-19 treatment.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials

Cathrine Axfors et al.

Summary: This study conducted a rapid meta-analysis on the effects of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine on the survival of COVID-19 patients. It found that treatment with hydroxychloroquine was associated with increased mortality, while there was no benefit from chloroquine.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Fluvoxamine: A Review of Its Mechanism of Action and Its Role in COVID-19

Vikas P. Sukhatme et al.

Summary: Fluvoxamine, a well-tolerated and widely available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has shown potential in preventing clinical deterioration of COVID-19 patients in a small study. It functions through various mechanisms such as antiviral effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and regulation of coagulopathy.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Bamlanivimab vs Placebo on Incidence of COVID-19 Among Residents and Staff of Skilled Nursing and Assisted Living Facilities

Myron S. Cohen et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape

William T. Harvey et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for advancing computational drug repurposing strategies

Gihanna Galindez et al.

Summary: Rapid response to unknown pathogens is essential in stopping the spread of diseases like the novel coronavirus, with computational approaches speeding up drug discovery and drug repurposing. Comparing predicted drug candidates to those in clinical trials can better prepare for future outbreaks by connecting computational approaches with experimental studies.

NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial of inhaled and intranasal niclosamide: A broad spectrum antiviral candidate for treatment of COVID-19

Vibeke Backer et al.

Summary: UNI91104, a promising candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral respiratory tract infections, is well-tolerated in healthy volunteers, demonstrating potential for further testing in patient trials.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in patients hospitalized with Covid-19-a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Jesper D. Gunst et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in Covid-19 patients through a randomized controlled trial. The results showed that camostat mesilate treatment did not prolong time to clinical improvement and did not increase the occurrence of adverse events.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

RBD-specific polyclonal F(ab′)2 fragments of equine antibodies in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive phase 2/3 clinical trial

Gustavo Lopardo et al.

Summary: Although the trial did not reach the primary endpoint, there was clinical improvement observed in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, especially in those with severe disease.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19

Peter C. Taylor et al.

Summary: The study discusses the clinical utility of neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapies targeting SARS-CoV-2, emphasizing the importance of patient stratification, biomarkers, risk factors, and other clinical considerations.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses

Keivan Zandi et al.

Summary: Novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 were identified, while sofosbuvir was found to have no antiviral effect against CoV-2.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Article Immunology

The in vitro antiviral activity of lactoferrin against common human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by targeting the heparan sulfate co-receptor

Yanmei Hu et al.

Summary: The study highlights the important role of HSPGs in SARS-CoV-2 cell attachment, and demonstrates the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of LF against various coronaviruses, especially with BLF being more potent than HLF. BLF binds to HSPGs to block viral attachment, and its antiviral activity can be antagonized by the HSPG mimetic heparin. Combination therapy experiment shows synergistic effect of LF with remdesivir in cell culture.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2021)

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Article Virology

Effective Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Heparin and Enoxaparin Derivatives

Ritesh Tandon et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus relies on spike glycoprotein for cell entry, and several sulfated polysaccharides have shown potent neutralizing effects against the virus, demonstrating potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin alpha/beta 1 heterodimer

Sundy N. Y. Yang et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Letter Cell Biology

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

Manli Wang et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Calvin J. Gordon et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Review Pediatrics

Expert consensus on palivizumab use for respiratory syncytial virus in developed countries

Manuel Sanchez Luna et al.

PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY REVIEWS (2020)

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Editorial Material Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

Guangdi Li et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus

Steven S. Good et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection

Emmie de Wit et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

Daniel Wrapp et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV

Timothy P. Sheahan et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Ivermectin and COVID-19: Keeping Rigor in Times of Urgency

Carlos Chaccour et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Identification of Antiviral Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-Approved Drugs

Sangeun Jeon et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2020)

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Letter Microbiology

Nafamostat Mesylate Blocks Activation of SARS-CoV-2: New Treatment Option for COVID-19

Markus Hoffmann et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furinlike cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade

B. Coutard et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structural Basis for RNA Replication by the SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase

Quan Wang et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2

Qihui Wang et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues

Carly G. K. Ziegler et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies

Daniel Wrapp et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2

Vanessa Monteil et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Identification of Human Single-Domain Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Yanling Wu et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients

Zhuo Zhou et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Type I and Type III Interferons - Induction, Signaling, Evasion, and Application to Combat COVID-19

Annsea Park et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion

Shuai Xia et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Immunology

Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019

Juanjuan Zhao et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The Approved Dose of Ivermectin Alone is not the Ideal Dose for the Treatment of COVID-19

Virginia D. Schmith et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Favipiravir: Pharmacokinetics and Concerns About Clinical Trials for 2019-nCoV Infection

Du Yin-Xiao et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agent Niclosamide and Its Therapeutic Potential

Jimin Xu et al.

ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Lack of antiviral activity of darunavir against SARS-CoV-2

Sandra De Meyer et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency

Calvin J. Gordon et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques

Abishek Chandrashekar et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease

Wenhao Dai et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus

Yan Gao et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors

Linlin Zhang et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir

Wanchao Yin et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Meng Yuan et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice

Timothy P. Sheahan et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Antiviral Efficacies of FDA-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Ferrets

Su-Jin Park et al.

MBIO (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection

Chunyan Wang et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV

Xiuyuan Ou et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-Ig

Changhai Lei et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial

Wei Tang et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Virology

Design of Potent Membrane Fusion Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, an Emerging Coronavirus with High Fusogenic Activity

Yuanmei Zhu et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial

Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2019)

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Article Microbiology

Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antiviral Activity of AT-527, a Novel Purine Nucleotide Prodrug, in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Subjects with or without Cirrhosis

Elina Berliba et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2019)

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Review Virology

A Comprehensive Superposition of Viral Polymerase Structures

Olve B. Peersen

VIRUSES-BASEL (2019)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

New antibody-based prevention and treatment options for influenza

Koen Sedeyn et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Virology

Small-Molecule Antiviral β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance

Maria L. Agostini et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics

Sabue Mulangu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2019)

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Review Immunology

Global virus outbreaks: Interferons as 1st responders

Ben X. Wang et al.

SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA

Francois Ferron et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Favipiravir as a potential countermeasure against neglected and emerging RNA viruses

Leen Delang et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Structure-guided design of potent and permeable inhibitors of MERS coronavirus 3CL protease that utilize a piperidine moiety as a novel design element

Anushka C. Galasiti Kankanamalage et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and tolerability of a novel, polyclonal human anti-MERS coronavirus antibody produced from transchromosomic cattle: a phase 1 randomised, double-blind, single-dose-escalation study

John H. Beigel et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)

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Article Virology

Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry

Kazuya Shirato et al.

VIROLOGY (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease

Maria L. Agostini et al.

MBIO (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

De Novo Design of α-Helical Lipopeptides Targeting Viral Fusion Proteins: A Promising Strategy for Relatively Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drug Discovery

Chao Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo(2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses

Dustin Siegel et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2017)

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Article Virology

A Lipopeptide HIV-1/2 Fusion Inhibitor with Highly Potent In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Antiviral Activity

Huihui Chong et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2017)

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Article Cell Biology

Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses

Timothy P. Sheahan et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2017)

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Review Immunology

Single-Domain Antibodies As Therapeutics against Human viral Diseases

Yanling Wu et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Review Oncology

Human monoclonal antibodies as candidate therapeutics against emerging viruses

Yujia Jin et al.

FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE (2017)

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Review Cell Biology

Niclosamide: Beyond an antihelminthic drug

Wei Chen et al.

CELLULAR SIGNALLING (2017)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Akram Khan et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2017)

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Article Microbiology

Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice

Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2016)

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Review Microbiology

Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years

Erik De Clercq et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2016)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options

Alimuddin Zumla et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2016)

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Review Microbiology

SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

Emmie de Wit et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Microbiology

Reversal of the Progression of Fatal Coronavirus Infection in Cats by a Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Protease Inhibitor

Yunjeong Kim et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2016)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Nitazoxanide, a new drug candidate for the treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Jean-Francois Rossingol

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2016)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry

Yanchen Zhou et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2015)

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Article Immunology

Protective Effect of Intranasal Regimens Containing Peptidic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Fusion Inhibitor Against MERS-CoV Infection

Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)

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Article Virology

Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis

Jean Kaoru Millet et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2015)

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Review Immunology

Type I interferons in infectious disease

Finlay McNab et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Microbiology

Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture

Adriaan H. de Wilde et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2014)

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Article Microbiology

Repurposing of Clinically Developed Drugs for Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

Julie Dyall et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure-based discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor

Lu Lu et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2014)

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Article Oncology

The Androgen-Regulated Protease TMPRSS2 Activates a Proteolytic Cascade Involving Components of the Tumor Microenvironment and Promotes Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Jared M. Lucas et al.

CANCER DISCOVERY (2014)

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Article Virology

Antiviral drugs specific for coronaviruses in preclinical development

Adeyemi O. Adedeji et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2014)

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Article Microbiology

Coronavirus Cell Entry Occurs through the Endo-/Lysosomal Pathway in a Proteolysis-Dependent Manner

Christine Burkard et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2014)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor

Yousuke Furuta et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2013)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Recombinant Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Healthy Human Subjects

Manuel Haschke et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Inhibition of novel β coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon- α2b and ribavirin

Darryl Falzarano et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2013)

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Article Microbiology

Coronaviruses Lacking Exoribonuclease Activity Are Susceptible to Lethal Mutagenesis: Evidence for Proofreading and Potential Therapeutics

Everett Clinton Smith et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2013)

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Article Virology

Simultaneous Treatment of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells with Serine and Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Prevents Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry

Miyuki Kawase et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2012)

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Article Virology

Broad-Spectrum Antivirals against 3C or 3C-Like Proteases of Picornaviruses, Noroviruses, and Coronaviruses

Yunjeong Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2012)

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Article Virology

SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon

Allison L. Totura et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2012)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Single-dose intranasal administration with mDEF201 (adenovirus vectored mouse interferon-alpha) confers protection from mortality in a lethal SARS-CoV BALB/c mouse model

Yohichi Kumaki et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Timing of Oseltamivir Administration and Outcomes in Hospitalized Adults With Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infection

Diego Viasus et al.

CHEST (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Inhibition of SARS Pseudovirus Cell Entry by Lactoferrin Binding to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

Jianshe Lang et al.

PLOS ONE (2011)

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Article Microbiology

Exacerbated Innate Host Response to SARS-CoV in Aged Non-Human Primates

Saskia L. Smits et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2010)

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Article Virology

A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo

Craig W. Day et al.

VIROLOGY (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Chih-Chun Wen et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2007)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Y. Imai et al.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2007)

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Article Virology

Identification of critical determinants on ACE2 for SARS-CoV entry and development of a potent entry inhibitor

Dong P. Han et al.

VIROLOGY (2006)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Discovery of an RNA virus 3′→5′ exoribonuclease that is critically involved in coronavirus RNA synthesis

E Minskaia et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2006)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

SARS: Systematic review of treatment effects

Lauren J. Stockman et al.

PLOS MEDICINE (2006)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry

G Simmons et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2005)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury

K Kuba et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Virology

Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread

Martin J. Vincent et al.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2005)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pegylated interferon-α protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques

BL Haagmans et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2004)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor

H Hofmann et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2004)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Suppression of SARS-CoV entry by peptides corresponding to heptad regions on spike glycoprotein

KH Yuan et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2004)

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Article Microbiology

Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication by niclosamide

CJ Wu et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2004)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine

E Keyaerts et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2004)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment

FY Aoki et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2003)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The continuing unethical conduct of underpowered clinical trials

SD Halpern et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2002)

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SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Therapy

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