β-Zeolite-Assisted Lignin-First Fractionation in a Flow-Through Reactor**

In the present work, a hydrogen-free one-step catalytic fractionation of woody biomass using commercial beta-zeolite as catalyst in a flow-through reactor was carried out. Birch, spruce, and walnut shells were compared as lignocellulosic feedstocks. beta-Zeolite acted as a bifunctional catalyst, preventing lignin repolymerization due to its size-selective properties and also cleaving beta-O-4 lignin intralinkages while stabilizing reactive intermediates. A rate-limiting step analysis using different reactor configurations revealed a mixed regime where the rates of both solvolytic delignification and zeolite-catalyzed depolymerization and dehydration affected the net rate of aromatic monomer production. Oxalic acid co-feeding was found to enhance monomer production at moderate concentrations by improving solvolysis, while it caused structural changes to the zeolite and led to lower monomer yields at higher concentrations. Zeolite stability was assessed through catalyst recycling and characterization. Main catalyst deactivation mechanisms were found to be coking and leaching, leading to widening of the pores and decrease of zeolite acidity, respectively.

Automated summary

This study conducted hydrogen-free one-step catalytic fractionation of woody biomass using commercial beta-zeolite as catalyst in a flow-through reactor. The results showed that beta-Zeolite acted as a bifunctional catalyst, playing a significant role in the reaction process.