4.8 Article

Li+ Diffusion in Amorphous and Crystalline Al2O3 for Battery Electrode Coatings

期刊

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
卷 33, 期 19, 页码 7795-7804

出版社

AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02239

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资金

  1. Battery Materials Research Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy [DE-EE0008858]
  2. University of Maryland Harry K. Wells Graduate Fellowship
  3. Naval Research Enterprise Internship Program (NREIP)
  4. Office of Naval Research through the Naval Research Laboratory's Basic Research Program
  5. Office of Naval Research through the ONR Functional ICME Framework program [N0001420WX01405]

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The study investigates the effects of Al2O3 coatings on lithium-ion battery materials, revealing a correlation between the proximity of Li+ to Al3+ and the Li+ migration barrier, as well as the enhancement of Li+ movement in Al-deficient materials.
Al2O3 is often applied protectively to lithium-ion battery anode and cathode materials to inhibit surface degradation, suppress dendrite formation, and relieve mechanical stresses. Given the very high intrinsic band gap and diffusion barrier of the material, the mechanism that allows Li diffusion through these coatings is not well understood, and widely varying laboratory results indicate that there may be dependencies on morphology and stoichiometry. Using nudged elastic band calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics, we perform a systematic investigation across Al2O3 structures, both crystalline and amorphous, and at various concentrations of Li+ to uncover the optimal parameters for maximally diffusive coatings. We find a correlation between the low proximity of Li+ to Al3+ and the low Li+ migration barrier. Although barriers are the lowest in the highly diffusive one-dimensional channels of crystalline theta-Al2O3, the system is structurally delicate and subject to detrimental distortion as the Li+ content is increased. The alpha-Al2O3 lattice is, conversely, highly stable against distortion at all Li+ concentrations but disadvantageous for Li+ migration. In amorphous systems, unscreened Li+-Li+ Coulomb repulsion and pre-emptive occupation of trapping sites combine to lower the energy barriers as a function of increasing concentration. One of our most important findings is that Al-deficient materials can sharply increase Li+ movement, and we predict that an amorphous material with a combination of high Li+ concentration and Al deficiency would enable highly Li+-conductive protective coatings for electrodes.

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