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SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Summary: The study found that the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) accurately distinguished between convalescent and uninfected healthy blood donors, with a predominantly CD4(+) T-cell response. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 IGRA may serve as a useful diagnostic tool in managing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

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Summary: The study showed that specific T cell responses to SARS CoV 2 peptides can be detected in COVID-19 patients and are significantly different from individuals without COVID-19. This immune response exhibits characteristics of both Th1 and Th2 profiles, potentially serving as a new T cell-based diagnostic tool.

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Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.

CELL (2021)

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Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

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Circuits between infected macrophages and T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

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Summary: The study found that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have enriched T cells and monocytes in the alveolar space, suggesting that the virus infects alveolar macrophages and induces T cell production of interferon-, leading to inflammation and persistent alveolitis.

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Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Christian Gaebler et al.

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Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.

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Cell-Type-Specific Immune Dysregulation in Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients

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Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients

Anthony T. Tan et al.

Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.

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COVID-19 immune signatures reveal stable antiviral T cell function despite declining humoral responses

Agnes Bonifacius et al.

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Gaelle Breton et al.

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Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine

Maria Prendecki et al.

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Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia

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Summary: The study shows that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained and robust at 6 months following infection, with higher T cell responses observed in donors who had experienced symptomatic infection. Levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were correlated with nucleoprotein-specific antibody levels, providing insights into the persistence and correlation of immune responses.

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Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19

Carolina Lucas et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 mortality is not primarily correlated with antiviral antibody levels, but more with the slower kinetics of antibody production.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

V. Shinde et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose

Catherine J. Reynolds et al.

Summary: Vaccination with a single dose of BNT162b2 after prior infection with a heterologous variant substantially enhances neutralizing antibody responses against variants. In contrast, individuals without prior infection showed reduced immunity against variants after receiving a single vaccine dose.

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Summary: The study found virus-specific T-cell memory in COVID-19 patients and close contacts. Patients had stronger T cell responses compared to close contacts. Despite lacking detectable infection, close contacts were able to gain T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

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Increased complement activation is a distinctive feature of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Lina Ma et al.

Summary: Complement activation is elevated in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with severe illness, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability, serving as a distinctive feature of COVID-19 and providing specific targets for risk prognostication and drug discovery.

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SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19

Alba Grifoni et al.

Summary: This review summarizes recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, highlighting the significant correlation between epitope number and antigen size. It also presents an analysis of 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and identifies discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and more prevalently recognized epitopes.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Summary: This interim analysis of an ongoing randomized trial in the UAE and Bahrain evaluated the efficacy of two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in preventing symptomatic cases and adverse events in healthy adults. The study found that both vaccines significantly reduced the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to the control group, with efficacy rates of 72.8% and 78.1%. Serious adverse events were rare across all groups.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Cutting Edge: Nucleocapsid Vaccine Elicits Spike-Independent SARS-CoV-2 Protective Immunity

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Summary: Vaccination with a human adenovirus type 5 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein can establish protective immunity and reduce weight loss and viral load in vaccinated Syrian hamsters and K18hACE2 mice. Vaccinated mice showed rapid N-specific T cell recall responses in the respiratory mucosa. This study supports the idea of including additional viral antigens in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to broaden epitope coverage and immune effector mechanisms.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans

Jackson S. Turner et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections showed rapid decline of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the first 4 months after infection, followed by a more gradual decrease over the following 7 months but remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. This suggests that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.

NATURE (2021)

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Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans

Galit Alter et al.

Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

NATURE (2021)

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BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans

Ugur Sahin et al.

Summary: The BNT162b2 vaccine shows 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 by boosting neutralizing antibody titres and activating specific T cell responses. The vaccine-induced immune response is broad and stable, lasting for a prolonged period, providing good coverage against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo et al.

Summary: The study found that the second dose of the vaccine increases immunity in naive individuals, while those who previously recovered from COVID-19 reach their peak immunity after the first dose. This suggests that a second dose may not be necessary for individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 before.

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Jose Vitale et al.

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SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T- cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees

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