☆ 4.7 Review

The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial

Shengli Xia et al.

Summary: The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in two age groups. Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 were induced in all vaccine recipients by day 42. A two-dose immunisation with 4 mu g vaccine on days 0 and 21 or days 0 and 28 achieved higher neutralising antibody titres compared to other dosing schedules.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic A Systematic Review

Daniel P. Oran et al.

Summary: Available data suggests that at least one third of SARS-CoV-2 infections are asymptomatic. Longitudinal studies indicate that nearly three quarters of individuals who test positive via PCR but show no symptoms at the time of testing will remain asymptomatic. Control strategies for COVID-19 need to be adjusted considering the prevalence and transmission risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Complete Mapping of Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain that Escape Antibody Recognition

Allison J. Greaney et al.

Summary: Antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) are key in neutralizing antibody responses, and a deep mutational scanning method was used to assess the impact of all amino-acid mutations in the RBD on antibody binding with 10 human monoclonal antibodies. The study identified the clustered escape mutations in different surfaces of the RBD that correspond to structurally defined antibody epitopes, showing that even antibodies targeting the same surface can have distinct escape mutations.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Immunology

A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity

Vincent Legros et al.

Summary: The study investigated the neutralizing antibody response in serum samples from 140 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, finding that antibody titers correlated with disease severity and anti-spike IgG levels. Post-recovery, patients' nAb activity declined more rapidly compared to individuals infected with other coronaviruses, and previous infection by human coronaviruses did not generate protective nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the D614G mutation in the spike protein did not lead to neutralization escape.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Merryn Voysey et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: a double-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial

Raches Ella et al.

Summary: The BBV152 vaccine demonstrated tolerable safety outcomes and enhanced immune responses in this clinical trial, leading to selection of both Algel-IMDG formulations for phase 2 immunogenicity trials. Further efficacy trials are warranted to validate the vaccine's effectiveness.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

Katherine McMahan et al.

Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

Jennifer M. Dan et al.

Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity Is Linked to Superior Humoral Immunity against the Spike

Jenna J. Guthmiller et al.

Summary: The study reveals that individuals with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection have a stronger overall antibody response to the spike and nucleocapsid proteins, and a larger memory B cell response against the spike. Additionally, these individuals develop antibodies that cross-react with other viral antigens, suggesting potential protection against reinfection.

MBIO (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England from April to November, 2020: results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey

Koen B. Pouwels et al.

Summary: This study in England found significant changes in the number of individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for positivity over time from April to November 2020. Important risk factors for testing positive varied between the first and second waves, with age being a key driver of increased positivity rates in the second wave. Continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be important for managing the COVID-19 pandemic moving forwards.

LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The antigenic anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain

Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.

Summary: Antibodies play a crucial role in immune protection against SARS-CoV-2, with some being used as therapeutics. A study identified 377 human monoclonal antibodies, focusing on 80 that bind the virus spike, and found that most highly inhibitory antibodies can block the virus-receptor interaction. Novel binding modes of potent inhibitory antibodies were discovered, showing potential for prophylactic or therapeutic use in animal models.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral spike vaccines

Xiaoying Shen et al.

Summary: Current COVID-19 vaccines target the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike, but the emerging B.1.1.7 variant with multiple spike mutations may impact some antibody therapies while posing no major concerns for vaccine efficacy or increased risk of reinfection.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization

Zhuoming Liu et al.

Summary: The study found that antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have escape mutations, different monoclonal antibodies have unique resistance profiles, some mutants are resistant to multiple antibodies while some variants can escape neutralization by convalescent sera. Comparing antibody-mediated mutations with circulating SARS-CoV-2 sequences revealed substitutions that may weaken neutralizing immune responses in some individuals, warranting further investigation.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Binding and Neutralization Antibody Titers After a Single Vaccine Dose in Health Care Workers Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2

Saman Saadat et al.

Summary: This study compared the titers of binding and neutralizing antibodies in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 after receiving a single dose of mRNA coronavirus vaccine.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment

Olivier J. Wouters et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic may not end globally until vaccines that protect against severe disease and drive herd immunity are widely distributed. While vaccines have been authorized for human use in many countries, achieving global control of COVID-19 requires not only licensed vaccines but also mass production, affordable pricing, global allocation, and wide local deployment.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials

Merryn Voysey et al.

Summary: The AZD1222 vaccine has been approved for emergency use in the UK with an interval of 4-12 weeks between doses. Analysis shows that the vaccine is efficacious with two doses and provides immunoprotection after the first dose before the second dose is administered.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia

Denis Y. Logunov et al.

Summary: The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine showed 91.6% efficacy against COVID-19 in the phase 3 trial, with good safety and tolerability in a large cohort of participants.

LANCET (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic

Arnaud Fontanet et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial

Zhiwei Wu et al.

Summary: The study showed that CoronaVac vaccine is safe and well tolerated in older adults, and is able to induce neutralizing antibody levels. The highest dose of 3 μg of the vaccine can generate neutralizing antibody levels similar to the 6 μg dose, supporting the use of the 3 μg dose CoronaVac in phase 3 trials.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial

Yanjun Zhang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate CoronaVac, and found that the 3 μg dose showed higher seroconversion rates in the phase 2 trial.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies

Dami A. Collier et al.

Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited reduced neutralization by vaccines and antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, with a more substantial loss seen when introducing the E484K mutation. This mutation poses a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection

Steven A. Kemp et al.

Summary: Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to viral evolution and increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals treated with convalescent plasma. During convalescent plasma therapy, there were significant shifts in the viral population structure and sensitivity, suggesting strong selection pressure on the virus during treatment.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2

Annette B. Vogel et al.

Summary: The two vaccine candidates, BNT162b1 and BNT162b2, developed contain modified messenger RNA encoding immunogens derived from the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. They have shown promising immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques, with ongoing phase I trials in Germany and the USA and a global phase II/III trial for BNT162b2.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma

Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting

Noa Dagan et al.

Summary: A study conducted in Israel on nearly 600,000 individuals showed that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was effective in reducing the risk of infection, hospitalization, and severe Covid-19. The effectiveness in preventing death was 72% during the period from day 14 through day 20 after the first dose, and hospitalization was reduced by 87% for the period 7 or more days after the second dose, similar to results from a randomized trial.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Responses in Seropositive Persons after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine

Florian Krammer et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine

Kai Wu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum

Yang Liu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera

Alexander Muik et al.

Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 has emerged in the UK, which is more transmissible and faster spreading than other strains. However, a study found that the BNT162b2 vaccine offers largely preserved protection against the B.1.1.7 lineage, despite some reduced neutralizing titers.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for those most vulnerable

Wayne C. Koff et al.

Summary: The development and global deployment of COVID-19 vaccines are crucial in ending the pandemic, but challenges remain in elderly populations and low-resource settings, making distribution and vaccination efforts difficult.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19

Adam K. Wheatley et al.

Summary: The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Antibody, B cell, and T cell responses decline over the first 4 months post-infection, while S-specific IgG(+) memory B cells consistently accumulate. The study suggests that natural infection may only provide transient protection at a population level, highlighting the need for more immunogenic and durable vaccines.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study

Lawrence Mwananyanda et al.

Summary: The study found that deaths with covid-19 were common in Lusaka, with most occurring in the community and few being tested before death. This suggests that the impact of covid-19 in Africa may have been vastly underestimated due to under-reporting.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

The effect of spike mutations on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization

Chloe Rees-Spear et al.

Summary: The study found that emerging variants of the coronavirus may lead to reduced neutralization by antibodies induced by vaccines or previous infection, but some samples still retain effectiveness. This highlights the importance of real-time monitoring of emerging mutations and their impact on vaccine efficacy.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Xinhua Chen et al.

Summary: This study synthesized and evaluated a large amount of global data on SARS-CoV-2 serological surveys, revealing variations in seroprevalence among different populations and in the infection-to-case ratio across regions. Most settings have not achieved herd immunity, and insights into the true proportion of infected population can be derived from serological detection data in routine confirmation.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may exhibit resistance to existing neutralizing antibodies and treatments, which could have significant implications for pandemic containment efforts.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 spike variants exhibit differential infectivity and neutralization resistance to convalescent or post-vaccination sera

Alona Kuzmina et al.

Summary: Vaccines that induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies are crucial in combating COVID-19, but some variants of SARS-CoV-2 show resistance to neutralization, raising concerns about vaccine efficacy.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Infection- and vaccine-induced antibody binding and neutralization of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant

Venkata Viswanadh Edara et al.

Summary: Despite reduced antibody titers against the B.1.351 variant, sera from infected and vaccinated individuals containing polyclonal antibodies to the spike protein could still neutralize SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351, suggesting that protective humoral immunity may be retained against this variant.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study

Eleftheria Vasileiou et al.

Summary: The study in Scotland found that the first doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA and ChAdOx1 vaccines were associated with substantial reductions in the risk of COVID-19 hospital admission, with vaccine effectiveness ranging from 88% to 91% at 28-34 days post-vaccination.

LANCET (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Report of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response: making COVID-19 the last pandemic

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The ability of convalescent sera from individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 and those vaccinated with BNT162b2 to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants B1.1.7 and B.1.351 decreases, but increases after two vaccine doses. The study found that the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants may have acquired partial resistance to neutralizing antibodies generated by natural infection or vaccination, particularly in individuals with low antibody levels. This suggests that the B.1.351 variant may pose a greater risk of infection in immunized individuals.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine

Matan Levine-Tiefenbrun et al.

Summary: COVID-19 vaccines not only provide protection to individual vaccinees, but may also reduce viral load in breakthrough infections, potentially leading to lower infectiousness and further suppressing virus spread.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 escaped natural immunity, raising questions about vaccines and therapies

Emanuele Andreano et al.

Summary: While SARS-CoV-2 is capable of evading natural immune responses, the question remains whether the virus can escape monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-induced immunity.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

David S. Khoury et al.

Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Interplay between Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Pandemic Control

Kathleen M. Neuzil

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Ezgi Hacisuleyman et al.

Summary: Despite evidence of vaccine efficacy, two fully vaccinated individuals developed mild symptoms of Covid-19 and were infected with variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing of the virus isolates revealed novel mutations, highlighting the potential risk of illness post-vaccination and subsequent infection with variant virus. Efforts to prevent, diagnose, and characterize variants in vaccinated individuals are crucial.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

V. Shinde et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Nanobody cocktails potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 D614G N501Y variant and protect mice

Phillip Pymm et al.

Summary: Neutralizing antibodies, particularly nanobodies, play a crucial role in immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and in the development of therapeutics for COVID-19. Researchers have identified high-affinity nanobodies that effectively disrupt the interaction between the virus and the human host cell receptor ACE2, offering promising prophylactic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Studies have shown that nanobody-Fc fusions can block viral engagement with host cells and significantly reduce viral loads in infected mice, suggesting their use as preventive agents against COVID-19.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Microbiology

A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity

Rachel T. Eguia et al.

Summary: This study investigates the evolution of human coronavirus 229E and finds that as the virus evolves, mutations in the spike protein can escape neutralization by antibodies in old human sera. The results suggest that viral evolution may impact immunity, highlighting the need for periodic updates to coronavirus vaccines.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study

Andrew Letizia et al.

Summary: Young adults with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have about one-fifth the risk of subsequent infection compared to those without antibodies. While antibodies from initial infection offer protection, they do not guarantee effective neutralization or immunity against future infection. These findings could impact mass vaccination strategies.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers - Eight US Locations, December 2020-March 2021

Mark G. Thompson et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults A Randomized Clinical Trial

Nawal Al Kaabi et al.

Summary: This interim analysis of an ongoing randomized trial in the UAE and Bahrain evaluated the efficacy of two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in preventing symptomatic cases and adverse events in healthy adults. The study found that both vaccines significantly reduced the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to the control group, with efficacy rates of 72.8% and 78.1%. Serious adverse events were rare across all groups.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans

Jackson S. Turner et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections showed rapid decline of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the first 4 months after infection, followed by a more gradual decrease over the following 7 months but remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. This suggests that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines

Philip R. Krause et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

SARS-CoV-2 spike E484K mutation reduces antibody neutralisation

Sonia Jangra et al.

LANCET MICROBE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

BNT162b2 vaccination effectively prevents the rapid rise of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in high-risk populations in Israel

Ariel Munitz et al.

Summary: Research shows that the B.1.1.7 variant is 45% more transmissible than the wild-type strain and has become the dominant strain in Israel within 3.5 weeks. Despite this, targeted RT-PCR testing and prioritized vaccination programs are still capable of preventing its spread in the elderly population. Therefore, proactive surveillance programs and prioritized vaccination can effectively reduce the occurrence of severe illness and death.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Katharine H. D. Crawford et al.

Summary: Antibody levels, including neutralizing antibodies, decline after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a 4-fold average decrease in titers from 1 to 4 months after symptom onset. This decline is accompanied by a decrease in total antibodies capable of binding the viral spike protein. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2, including examination of long-lived B cells and antibody titers over extended periods.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data

John P. A. Ioannidis

Summary: This study aimed to estimate the infection fatality rate of COVID-19 using seroprevalence data. The findings showed that the infection fatality rate varied significantly across different locations due to differences in population age structure, case mix of infected and deceased patients, and other factors. The inferred infection fatality rates were generally lower than earlier estimates made during the pandemic.

BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

Fan Wu et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Editorial Material Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody

Kanta Subbarao

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector vaccine candidate for Middle East respiratory syndrome: an open -label, phase 1 trial

Till Koch et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed

Nicole Lurie et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2

Hui Wang et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus

Bette Korber et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial

Pedro M. Folegatti et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mapping Neutralizing and Immunodominant Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain by Structure-Guided High-Resolution Serology

Luca Piccoli et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

Noe B. Mercado et al.

NATURE (2020)

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