Born in a Pair (?): Pisces II and Pegasus III*

We have used B, V time-series photometry collected with the Large Binocular Telescope to undertake the first study of variable stars in the Milky Way ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) satellites Pisces II and Pegasus III. In Pisces II we have identified an RRab star, one confirmed and a candidate SX Phoenicis star, and a variable with uncertain classification. In Pegasus III we confirmed the variability of two sources: an RRab star and a variable with uncertain classification, similar to the case found in Pisces II. Using the intensity-averaged apparent magnitude of the bona fide RRab star in each galaxy, we estimate distance moduli of (m - M)(0) = 21.22 +/- 0.14 mag (d = 175 +/- 11 kpc) and 21.21 +/- 0.23 mag (d = 174 +/- 18 kpc) for Pisces II and Pegasus III, respectively. Tests performed to disentangle the actual nature of variables with an uncertain classification led us to conclude that they most likely are bright, long-period, and very metal-poor RRab members of their respective hosts. This may indicate that Pisces II and Pegasus III contain a dominant old stellar population (t > 12 Gyr) with metallicity [Fe/H] - 1.8 dex along with, possibly, a minor, more metal-poor component, as supported by the V, B - V color-magnitude diagrams of the two UFDs and their spectroscopically confirmed members. The metallicity spread that we derived from our data sample is greater than or similar to 0.4 dex in both systems. Lastly, we built isodensity contour maps that do not reveal any irregular shape, thus making the existence of a physical connection between these UFDs unlikely.

Automated summary

The authors studied variable stars in the Milky Way ultra-faint dwarf satellites Pisces II and Pegasus III using time-series photometry data collected with the Large Binocular Telescope. They identified RRab stars, SX Phoenicis stars, and stars with uncertain classifications in both galaxies. The study suggests that these galaxies may contain a dominant old stellar population with metallicity variations, as supported by color-magnitude diagrams and spectroscopic analysis.