Identification of key performance indicators and complimentary load profiles for 5th generation district energy networks

Mass adoption of renewable heating is essential for achieving Net Zero 2050 emission targets. Rapid decarbonisation of heating could be delivered by 5th generation district heating networks, which share heating and cooling and offer energy, cost and carbon savings. We present an assessment framework for determining the economic, operational, and carbon benefits of heat pump driven energy sharing networks for an urban centre. Our analysis of complementary heating and cooling loads enabled novel identification of the building types which are best suited to thermal energy sharing. An urban street was modelled using Integrated Energy System Virtual Environment software, which produced heating, cooling, and hot water loads. These were implemented into a linear programming cost and carbon optimisation problem, producing operating curves for a pool of delocalised heat pumps under either cost or emission minimalization scenarios. Results show that energy sharing networks may reduce the Levelised Cost of Energy by 69% and carbon emissions by 13% when compared to an electrified non-shared energy system. Based on these findings, a load matrix was constructed to identify which energy loads from different building types can be suitably used for energy sharing. Despite promising costsavings results, we conclude that low temperature district heating networks have much greater financial benefit when utilising appropriately sized thermal storage and time of use tariffs, rather than energy sharing. However, carbon savings can be made over alternatives, such as natural gas boilers. For developers undertaking a heat network project, the primary goal should be clearly defined as either carbon saving or money-making objective, as these are difficult to achieve synergistically.

Automated summary

Implementing renewable heating on a large scale is crucial for achieving Net Zero 2050 emission targets. Utilizing 5th generation district heating networks for energy sharing can significantly reduce carbon emissions and energy cost equivalent, with low temperature district heating networks potentially providing greater economic benefits with appropriate thermal storage and time of use tariffs. Developers should define whether their primary goal is carbon saving or profit making, as these objectives are challenging to achieve synergistically.