期刊
ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION, VOL 41, 2021
卷 41, 期 -, 页码 105-131出版社
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124228
关键词
retinoid; alpha-tocopherol; all-trans-retinoic acid; ATRA; transcription factor; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; ROS; gene expression
资金
- National Institutes of Health [R01 DK068437, R01 DK122071, R21 AA028110, DK081761, HD062109]
This review focuses on the mechanisms of action of vitamin A and vitamin E in the body, suggesting that vitamin A acts as an indirect antioxidant by transcriptionally regulating genes involved in antioxidant responses, while vitamin E functions as a direct antioxidant and helps prevent the increase of peroxidized lipids that affect metabolic pathways and gene expression profiles. The review also discusses the lack of compelling evidence for a direct transcriptional mechanism of vitamin E similar to that of vitamin A.
Vitamin A, acting through its metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid, is a potent transcriptional regulator affecting expression levels of hundreds of genes through retinoic acid response elements present within these genes. However, the literature is replete with claims that consider vitamin A to be an antioxidant vitamin, like vitamins C and E. This apparent contradiction in the understanding of how vitamin A acts mechanistically within the body is a major focus of this review. Vitamin E, which is generally understood to act as a lipophilic antioxidant protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids present in membranes, is often proposed to be a transcriptional regulator. The evaluation of this claim is another focus of the review. We conclude that vitamin A is an indirect antioxidant, whose indirect function is to transcriptionally regulate a number of genes involved in mediating the body's canonical antioxidant responses. Vitamin E, in addition to being a direct antioxidant, prevents the increase of peroxidized lipids that alter both metabolic pathways and gene expression profiles within tissues and cells. However, there is little compelling evidence that vitamin E has a direct transcriptional mechanism like that of vitamin A. Thus, we propose that the term antioxidant not be applied to vitamin A, and we discourage the use of the term transcriptional mediator when discussing vitamin E.
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