A Multi-copy Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostic Test for Bovine Tropical Theileriosis

Background Bovine tropical theileriosis (BTT) is a haemoprotozoan tick-borne disease that implicates huge losses to livestock in terms of considerable mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Currently available diagnostic methods have less specificity and sensitivity towards the detection of Theileria species. Therefore, an attempt was made to diagnose Theileria annulata by targeting a multi-copy gene, viz. mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b (MT-CYB) gene via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in different agro-zones of India. Methods and Results 129 cattle blood samples were collected from major livestock rearing regions of India and processed for both molecular and microscopic techniques. Screening of Giemsa-stained thin blood smears was able to detect 14 samples (10.85%) as positive for T. annulata. However, the MT-CYB gene-based PCR assay detected 107 samples (82.94%) positive for T. annulata out of 129 samples. Furthermore, the MT-CYB gene-based PCR assay was standardized in terms of its sensitivity and specificity. Specificity of PCR assay was evaluated against other common haemoprotozoan parasites of tropical countries viz. Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma evansi. The multi-copy MT-CYB gene-based PCR assay provided an optimum level of sensitivity (up to the level of 10 femtogram) and high specificity. Haematological examination (Hb, PCV and TLC) of 113 samples revealed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Hb and PCV levels in positive animals in comparison with the control group of healthy animals. However, the control group had significantly higher (p < 0.001) TLC levels than the positive group. Conclusion The MT-CYB gene-based PCR assay was found to be highly sensitive that can accurately detect the occurrence of T. annulata infection in carrier animals which are potential infection sources to healthier populations in naive demographic locations through infected ticks.

Automated summary

The study targeted the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b (MT-CYB) gene to diagnose T. annulata in different agro-zones of India. The PCR assay showed a high sensitivity and specificity, accurately detecting carrier animals and their potential to infect healthy populations through infected ticks in naive demographic locations. Hematological examination revealed decreased levels of Hb and PCV in positive animals compared to healthy controls, while the positive group had higher TLC levels.