Towards the translation of electroconductive organic materials for regeneration of neural tissues

Carbon-based conductive and electroactive materials (e.g., derivatives of graphene, fullerenes, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) have been studied since the 1970s for use in a broad range of applications. These materials have electrical properties comparable to those of commonly used metals, while providing other benefits such as flexibility in processing and modification with biologics (e.g., cells, biomolecules), to yield electroactive materials with biomimetic mechanical and chemical properties. In this review, we focus on the uses of these electroconductive materials in the context of the central and peripheral ner-vous system, specifically recent studies in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, eye, and ear. We also highlight in vivo studies and clinical trials, as well as a snapshot of emerging classes of electroconductive materials (e.g., biodegradable materials). We believe such specialized electrically conductive biomaterials will clinically impact the field of tissue regeneration in the foreseeable future. Statement of significance This review addresses the use of conductive and electroactive materials for neural tissue regeneration, which is of significant interest to a broad readership, and of particular relevance to the growing commu-nity of scientists, engineers and clinicians in academia and industry who develop novel medical devices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The review covers the materials that may be employed (primarily focusing on derivatives of fullerenes, graphene and conjugated polymers) and techniques used to analyze materials composed thereof, followed by sections on the application of these materials to ner-vous tissues (i.e., peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, optical, and auditory tissues) throughout the body. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.

Automated summary

This review explores the applications of conductive and electroactive materials in neural tissue regeneration, which is of significant interest to a broad readership and particularly relevant to scientists, engineers, and clinicians in academia and industry who develop innovative medical devices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.