Epichloe gansuensis Increases the Tolerance of Achnatherum inebrians to Low-P Stress by Modulating Amino Acids Metabolism and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency

In the long-term evolutionary process, Achnatherum inebrians and seed-borne endophytic fungi, Epichloe gansuensis, formed a mutually beneficial symbiosis relationship, and Epichloe gansuensis has an important biological role in improving the tolerance of host grasses to abiotic stress. In this work, we first assessed the effects of Epichloe gansuensis on dry weight, the content of C, N, P and metal ions, and metabolic pathway of amino acids, and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) of Achnatherum inebrians at low P stress. Our results showed that the dry weights, the content of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamine, glutamic acid, L-asparagine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, and tryptophan were higher in leaves of Epichloe gansuensis-infected (E+) Achnatherum inebrians than Epichloe gansuensis-uninfected (E-) Achnatherum inebrians at low P stress. Further, Epichloe gansuensis increased C content of roots compared to the root of E- plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P; Epichloe gansuensis increased K content of leaves compared to the leaf of E- plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P. Epichloe gansuensis reduced Ca content of roots compared to the root of E- plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P; Epichloe gansuensis reduced the content of Mg and Fe in leaves compared to the leaf of E- plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P. In addition, at low P stress, Epichloe gansuensis most probably influenced aspartate and glutamate metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis in leaves; and arginine and proline metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in roots. Epichloe gansuensis also affected the content of organic acid and stress-related metabolites at low P stress. In conclusion, Epichloe gansuensis improves Achnatherum inebrians growth at low P stress by regulating the metabolic pathway of amino acids, amino acids content, organic acid content, and increasing PUE.

Automated summary

In a long-term evolutionary process, Achnatherum inebrians and seed-borne endophytic fungi, Epichloe gansuensis, form a mutually beneficial symbiosis relationship. Epichloe gansuensis plays an important role in improving the tolerance of host grasses to abiotic stress by increasing amino acid content, regulating metabolic pathways, and enhancing phosphorus utilization efficiency at low P stress.