期刊
PATHOGENS
卷 10, 期 3, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030355
关键词
squalene-based adjuvant; influenza A virus; memory B cells; hemagglutinin; antibody; germinal center
类别
资金
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services [HHSN272201400005C]
Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants enhance immune responses and antibody production of influenza vaccines, as well as increasing the diversity and affinity of antibodies against influenza hemagglutinin. These adjuvants are widely used and can provide broad protection against influenza virus clades.
Influenza infections continue to cause significant annual morbidity and mortality despite ongoing influenza vaccine research. Adjuvants are administered in conjunction with influenza vaccines to enhance the immune response and strengthen protection against disease. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants including MF59, AS03, and AF03, are registered for administration with influenza vaccines and are widely used in many countries. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants induce a strong innate immune response, enhancing antigen presentation both quantitively and qualitatively to generate strong B cell responses and antibody production. They also diversify the reactivity profiles and strengthen the affinities of antibodies against the influenza hemagglutinin, increasing protection across virus clades. In this review, we consider the mechanisms of the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses by squalene-based emulsionSE adjuvants and the resulting increase in magnitude and breadth of hemagglutinin-specific B cell responses. We relate observed effects of SE adjuvants and current mechanistic understandings to events in responding lymph nodes. These insights will guide the rational design and optimization of influenza vaccines to provide broad and effective protection.
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