Antiviral Properties of Human Milk

Humans have always coexisted with viruses, with both positive and negative consequences. Evolutionary pressure on mammals has selected intrinsic properties of lactation and milk to support the relatively immunocompromised neonate from environmental pathogens, as well as support the normal development of diverse immune responses. Human milk supports both adaptive and innate immunity, with specific constituents that drive immune learning and maturation, and direct protection against microorganisms. Viruses constitute one of the most ancient pressures on human evolution, and yet there is a lack of awareness by both public and healthcare professionals of the complexity of human milk as an adaptive response beyond the production of maternal antibodies. This review identifies and describes the specific antiviral properties of human milk and describes how maternal support of infants through lactation is protective beyond antibodies.

Automated summary

Humans have always coexisted with viruses, and evolutionary pressure has shaped the intrinsic properties of lactation and milk to support the neonate's immune system and protect against pathogens. Human milk contains specific components that support immune learning and maturation, as well as provide direct protection against microorganisms. However, there is a lack of awareness among the public and healthcare professionals about the specific antiviral properties of human milk beyond the production of maternal antibodies.