Crown-Like Structures in Breast Adipose Tissue: Early Evidence and Current Issues in Breast Cancer

Simple Summary Obesity increases the risk of postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and has been linked to a higher risk of recurrence and mortality. During obesity, adipose tissue can become dysfunctional, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. Crown-like structures in breast adipose tissue (CLS-B), composed of macrophages surrounding dead or dying adipocytes in a crown-like pattern, are a new histologic marker of local inflammation. In this review, we aim to evaluate the early evidence of CLS-B in breast cancer. There is consistent evidence that CLS-B are more frequently detected among obese compared to non-obese breast cancer patients. Additionally, several studies have found that CLS-B presence is associated with metabolic and inflammatory factors that contribute to breast cancer development and progression. However, more studies are needed to understand the potential clinical utility of CLS-B as a marker of breast cancer risk or prognosis. Obesity is an established risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and has been linked to worse breast cancer prognosis, most clearly for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. The underlying mechanisms of the obesity-breast cancer association are not fully understood, but growing evidence points to the breast adipose tissue microenvironment playing an important role. Obesity-induced adipose tissue dysfunction can result in a chronic state of low-grade inflammation. Crown-like structures of the breast (CLS-B) were recently identified as a histologic marker of local inflammation. In this review, we evaluate the early evidence of CLS-B in breast cancer. Data from preclinical and clinical studies show that these inflammatory lesions within the breast are associated with local NF-kappa B activation, increased aromatase activity, and elevation of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and COX-2-derived PGE(2))-factors involved in multiple pathways of breast cancer development and progression. There is also substantial evidence from epidemiologic studies that CLS-B are associated with greater adiposity among breast cancer patients. However, there is insufficient evidence that CLS-B impact breast cancer risk or prognosis. Comparisons across studies of prognosis were complicated by differences in CLS-B evaluation and deficiencies in study design, which future studies should take into consideration. Breast adipose tissue inflammation provides a plausible explanation for the obesity-breast cancer association, but further study is needed to establish its role and whether markers such as CLS-B are clinically useful.

Automated summary

Obesity is a known risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer, especially hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, and is associated with poorer prognosis. Crown-like structures in breast adipose tissue (CLS-B) have been identified as a marker of local inflammation, with evidence linking their presence to metabolic and inflammatory factors contributing to breast cancer development and progression. However, further research is needed to determine the clinical utility of CLS-B as a marker for breast cancer risk or prognosis.