☆ 4.6 Review

Neutralizing Antibody Therapeutics for COVID-19

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Antibodies at work in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Kuttuvan Valappil Sajna et al.

Summary: The review discusses the latest advances in immune-based therapy for COVID-19, including convalescent plasma therapy, mAbs therapy, and emerging immunotherapeutic interventions, which are considered promising for reducing the fatality rate of COVID-19 infection.

CYTOTHERAPY (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2

Bernd Salzberger et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through droplets and aerosols, with most infections being uncomplicated but 5-10% of patients requiring hospitalization, mainly due to respiratory and multiorgan failure. Risk factors for complications include older age, hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiovascular disease, etc. Various countries have implemented strict control measures resulting in low attack rates.

INFECTION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Robert L. Gottlieb et al.

Summary: The study showed that treatment with bamlanivimab and etesevimab was significantly associated with a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load at day 11 in nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, compared to placebo. However, bamlanivimab monotherapy did not show a significant reduction in viral load. Ongoing clinical trials will focus on assessing the clinical benefits of antispike neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19

D. M. Weinreich et al.

Summary: Recent data indicate that complications and death from Covid-19 may be related to high viral loads. In this trial involving nonhospitalized patients, a cocktail of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (REGN-COV2) reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients with no immune response or high viral load at baseline. Safety outcomes were similar between REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia

Carlos Salama et al.

Summary: Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19 pneumonia not on mechanical ventilation, tocilizumab reduced the risk of progression to mechanical ventilation or death, but did not improve overall survival. There were no new safety concerns identified.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia

V. A. Simonovich et al.

Summary: There were no significant differences observed in clinical status or overall mortality between patients treated with convalescent plasma and those who received placebo in the treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia. The study results indicate that both groups had similar clinical outcomes and mortality rates after 30 days.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19

Peter Chen et al.

Summary: LY-CoV555, a neutralizing antibody, showed promising results in reducing viral load, improving symptoms, and lowering the risk of hospitalization among patients with mild or moderate Covid-19. While one of the doses appeared to accelerate the decline in viral load, others did not show significant effects by day 11.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: Research has found that mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 may potentially escape the action of the REGN-COV2 cocktail, providing important information for interpreting mutations observed during viral surveillance.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Shi Xiaojie et al.

Summary: Since it was first identified in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 causing the worldwide pandemic has dramatically changed people's lives in multiple aspects. Efforts to curb the progression of the pandemic are urgently ongoing, with promising therapeutic antibodies being developed through various approaches. Studies have shown that neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are mainly targeting the RBD and some non-RBD domains, with convergent germline genes identified for effective antibodies.

STEM CELL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Understanding the Impact of Resistance to Influenza Antivirals

Edward C. Holmes et al.

Summary: Influenza poses a significant burden on society and healthcare systems. Antiviral resistance can lead to uncertainty among prescribers and policy makers. Antiviral treatment generally provides clinical benefit and resistant viruses are usually associated with reduced fitness.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

A five-day course of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 may reduce the duration of illness

Sabeena Ahmed et al.

Summary: Ivermectin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic agent, was found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. A trial in Bangladesh showed that a 5-day course of ivermectin can promote viral clearance in adult patients with mild COVID-19.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma

Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients with Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia

I. O. Rosas et al.

Summary: In this randomized trial involving hospitalized patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia, the use of tocilizumab did not result in significantly better clinical status or lower mortality than placebo at 28 days.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19

Lianpan Dai et al.

Summary: The urgent need for vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid development of multiple vaccine candidates, with some showing positive results in late-stage clinical trials. This article discusses the viral elements used in these candidates, the reasons why they are good targets for the immune system, and their implications for protective immunity. Dai and Gao highlight the importance of selecting the right viral targets in vaccine development to ensure an effective immune response and the overall safety and efficacy of the vaccine.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Influenza and COVID-19: What does co-existence mean?

Tawee Chotpitayasunondh et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has had a major impact on healthcare and social systems worldwide. There is a need to manage both COVID-19 and influenza concurrently, ensuring effective surveillance and diagnostic capabilities to monitor respiratory viruses, and advocating for judicious use of vaccines and antivirals. The increased use of emerging technologies, such as telemedicine and contact tracing, alongside existing pharmaceutical strategies, will provide a holistic approach to global public health measures in dealing with the combined threat of influenza and COVID-19.

INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

Na Zhu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Features of 20133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study

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BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2

Rui Shi et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19-Final Report

John H. Beigel et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19

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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19 A Randomized Trial

Caleb P. Skipper et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients' B Cells

Yunlong Cao et al.

CELL (2020)

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Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Ling Li et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals

Davide F. Robbiani et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike

Lihong Liu et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Seth J. Zost et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19

A. B. Cavalcanti et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

Xiangyang Chi et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies

Alina Baum et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model

Thomas F. Rogers et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail

Johanna Hansen et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability

Philip J. M. Brouwer et al.

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Fruitful Neutralizing Antibody Pipeline Brings Hope To Defeat SARS-Cov-2

Alex Renn et al.

TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2020)

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JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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