Evaluation of morphophysiological traits and essential oil production in Iranian genotypes and foreign varieties of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) through multivariate analyses

Morphology, physiology and essential oil characteristics of six wild chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) genotypes of Iran districts were evaluated in this research. These genotypes were collected from different natural habitats. Two European varieties were used as control group. All genotypes were planted according to the randomized controlled block design in Karaj province (Iran). In order to determine the best harvest time in terms of flower yield and essential oil, the traits of flower yield, percentage and yield of essential oil, number of flowers per plant and height were investigated for two harvests. The results showed that genotypes, harvest time and their interaction had significant effect on these parameters. Based on the results, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile were attained in the second harvest. Result also showed that genotypes originated from warm part of south western of Iran (Andimeshk, Dashtestan and Ramhormoz) had early maturity, smaller flower, higher flower number, shorter plants, and high essential oil percentage. The foreign varieties had late maturity date, taller plants, long flowering times, but lower flower and essential oil yield. Finally, three local genotypes (Karaj, Shadegan and Taft) had mid maturity date, medium height plants, and medium essential oil yield. It was concluded that genotypes of Andimeshk, Dashtestan and Ramhormoz are capable to breeding improved new cultivars and should be focused on selection higher flower yield and percentage of essential oil, coupled with early flowering date.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the morphology, physiology, and essential oil characteristics of six wild chamomile genotypes in Iran, showing significant effects of genotype, harvest time, and their interaction on parameters such as flower yield and essential oil production. Genotypes from the warm southwestern region of Iran exhibited early maturity, smaller flowers, shorter plants, and higher essential oil percentage. Foreign varieties had late maturity, taller plants, longer flowering times, but lower yields. Local genotypes showed medium characteristics. These results suggest potential for breeding improved cultivars with higher flower yield and essential oil content in certain genotypes.