Spout deflection in spouted beds and countermeasures: A review

Spouted beds operation quality and stability often suffer from spout deflection, which means the spout channel shows a lateral movement instead of vertical spouting. A comprehensive review about spout deflection in spouted beds has not been reported yet. In this article, we review the spout deflection in spouted beds in aspects of identification methodologies and control measures. The theory development is firstly reviewed, followed by experimental observations and numerical simulations in terms of working mechanism, application scope, and typical findings. Subsequently, the control methodologies in view of reactor geometry configuration, gas phase, and solid phase are reviewed, together with the corresponding control variables, advantages, and disadvantages of each control route. In addition to the suppression of the spout deflection, the utilisation of spout deflection is also proposed and discussed. This comprehensively review of spout deflection will shed light on the design and optimisation of spouted beds. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This article comprehensively reviews the phenomenon of spout deflection in spouted beds, including identification methods, control measures, and potential utilization, which will shed light on the design and optimization of spouted beds.