4.5 Review

Probing extreme states of matter using ultra-intense x-ray radiation

期刊

出版社

IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/abef26

关键词

high-pressure; extreme conditions; x-ray diffraction; synchrotron radiation; XFEL radiation

资金

  1. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
  2. Royal Society
  3. SRS Daresbury Laboratory
  4. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
  5. Advanced Photon Source
  6. Diamond Light Source
  7. PETRA-III
  8. Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)
  9. project CALIPSOplus from the EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 [730872]
  10. US Department of Energy, Office of Science [DE-AC02-76SF00515, SF00515]
  11. William Penney Fellowship
  12. US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-76SF00515]
  13. US Department of Energy, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences [SF00515]

向作者/读者索取更多资源

This article discusses the use of synchrotrons and XFELs in investigating the evolution of crystal structures in extreme states of matter. X-ray scattering techniques are used to obtain structural information from these extreme conditions. The article also explores the application of these techniques at current and future generations of X-ray lightsources.
Extreme states of matter, that is, matter at extremes of density (pressure) and temperature, can be created in the laboratory either statically or dynamically. In the former, the pressure-temperature state can be maintained for relatively long periods of time, but the sample volume is necessarily extremely small. When the extreme states are generated dynamically, the sample volumes can be larger, but the pressure-temperature conditions are maintained for only short periods of time (ps to mu s). In either case, structural information can be obtained from the extreme states by the use of x-ray scattering techniques, but the x-ray beam must be extremely intense in order to obtain sufficient signal from the extremely-small or short-lived sample. In this article I describe the use of x-ray diffraction at synchrotrons and XFELs to investigate how crystal structures evolve as a function of density and temperature. After a brief historical introduction, I describe the developments made at the Synchrotron Radiation Source in the 1990s which enabled the almost routine determination of crystal structure at high pressures, while also revealing that the structural behaviour of materials was much more complex than previously believed. I will then describe how these techniques are used at the current generation of synchrotron and XFEL sources, and then discuss how they might develop further in the future at the next generation of x-ray lightsources.

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