4.4 Review

SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation

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Article Immunology

Natural Transmission of Bat-like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Without Proline-Arginine-Arginine-Alanine Variants in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients

Yik Chun Wong et al.

Summary: The study found that bat-like SARS-CoV-2 (Delta PRRA) variants not only naturally exist in COVID-19 patients but also remain transmissible, which has significant implications for the zoonotic origin and natural evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

Jessica A. Plante et al.

Summary: The D614G substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances viral replication and infectivity in human lung epithelial cells, primary airway tissues, and hamsters. This variant may increase transmission in the upper respiratory tract and doesn't seem to significantly reduce vaccine efficacy. Further research on therapeutic antibodies targeting the circulating G614 virus is recommended.

NATURE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity

Erik Volz et al.

Summary: The study suggests a positive selection for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variant D614G in the UK, but no evidence of differences in COVID-19 mortality or clinical severity in patients infected with this variant. 614G is associated with higher viral load and younger age of patients compared to 614D.
Article Microbiology

D614G Spike Mutation Increases SARS CoV-2 Susceptibility to Neutralization

Drew Weissman et al.

Summary: The D614G mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is not expected to hinder current vaccine development, as viruses with the G614 spike are more susceptible to neutralization, indicating that the mutation may not affect vaccine efficacy.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

Article Virology

Spike Glycoprotein and Host Cell Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Cytopathic Effects

Hanh T. Nguyen et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein has evolved features such as the furin cleavage site and D614G mutation to balance virus infectivity, stability, cytopathicity, and antibody vulnerability, while the endodomain of the S2 subunit is not essential for virus entry or syncytium formation. Metalloprotease inhibitors can suppress S-mediated cell-cell fusion, but not virus entry, suggesting a role for host proteases in activating the S glycoprotein during syncytium formation. This understanding of SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein interactions with host cells provides insights into virus transmission and pathogenicity.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Bryan A. Johnson et al.

Summary: The genetic mutation in SARS-CoV-2 resulted in better fitness in some cells but lower replication capacity in human respiratory cell lines. Despite reducing disease symptoms, the Delta PRRA mutant provided protection against rechallenge with the wildtype SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: Research has found that mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 may potentially escape the action of the REGN-COV2 cocktail, providing important information for interpreting mutations observed during viral surveillance.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic

Lewis F. Buss et al.

Summary: Research indicates that the attack rate of COVID-19 in Manaus, the capital of Amazonas state in northern Brazil, reached 66% in June 2020, rising to 76% by October, higher than the estimated attack rate of 29% in Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil, during the same period.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Virology

Deletion in the C-terminal region of the envelope glycoprotein in some of the Indian SARS-CoV-2 genome

Ballamoole Krishna Kumar et al.

Summary: An analysis of 2086 whole genome sequences from India revealed extensive amino acid deletions in the C-terminal region of the envelope glycoprotein in 34 Indian SARS-CoV-2 genomes, possibly due to adaptation to new geographical areas and hosts. Further studies are needed to understand the functional consequences of these deletions on the viral pathogenesis and host adaptation. Clinical information was only available for 9 out of 34 cases, all of which were asymptomatic.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity

Kathryn A. Ryan et al.

Summary: The study found that high doses of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets can cause viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract and lung pathology, while lower doses result in milder pathological symptoms. Ferrets re-challenged after virus shedding ceased are fully protected from acute lung pathology.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations at the S1/S2 cleavage site are generated in vitro during propagation in TMPRSS2-deficient cells

Michihito Sasaki et al.

Summary: This study identified SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations at the cleavage motif of the S protein (S gene mutants) that undergo inefficient proteolytic cleavage, leading to smaller plaques and less infectivity. These mutants emerged rapidly through virus propagation in Vero cells and may have been unknowingly used in experiments, antiviral screenings, and vaccine development. The mutations affect the virus' entry pathway and cell tropism, emphasizing the importance of monitoring de novo S gene mutations during tissue-culture propagation.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

Article Biology

SARS-CoV-2 entry into human airway organoids is serine protease-mediated and facilitated by the multibasic cleavage site

Anna Z. Mykytyn et al.

Summary: The entry of coronavirus is mediated by the spike protein, which is cleaved by different proteases depending on cell lines. Studies have shown that the presence of a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases infectivity in human airway cells. The virus enters cells using serine proteases, indicating that the MBCS may be an adaptation to this viral entry strategy.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity

Emma C. Thomson et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus can mutate and evade immunity, with mutations like N439K conferring resistance against neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and enhancing binding affinity to hACE2 receptor. Despite similar in vitro replication fitness and clinical outcomes compared to wild type, N439K mutation highlights the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance for guiding vaccine and therapeutic development and usage.
Article Microbiology

Identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization

Zhuoming Liu et al.

Summary: The study found that antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have escape mutations, different monoclonal antibodies have unique resistance profiles, some mutants are resistant to multiple antibodies while some variants can escape neutralization by convalescent sera. Comparing antibody-mediated mutations with circulating SARS-CoV-2 sequences revealed substitutions that may weaken neutralizing immune responses in some individuals, warranting further investigation.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

Article Microbiology

Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies

Allison J. Greaney et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 may impact the recognition of the virus by human antibody-mediated immunity, with mutations affecting antibody binding varying significantly among individuals and within the same individual over time. Despite this variability, mutations that greatly reduce antibody binding usually occur at specific sites in the RBD, with E484 being the most crucial. These findings can inform surveillance efforts for SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the future.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California

Wenjuan Zhang et al.

Summary: The research focused on sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from symptomatic patients at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in November-December 2020, providing insights into a surge in cases and hospitalizations during that period.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

Article Virology

The Polybasic Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Modulates Viral Sensitivity to Type I Interferon and IFITM2

Helena Winstone et al.

Summary: The presence of a polybasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 allows the virus to enter cells in a pH-independent manner, mitigating against IFITM-mediated restriction and promoting replication and transmission. Targeted depletion of IFITM2 expression alleviates potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by type I IFNs. Therapeutic strategies targeting furin-mediated cleavage of the spike protein may reduce viral replication through the activity of type I IFNs.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G change enhances replication and transmission

Bin Zhou et al.

Summary: Research has shown that the D614G substitution in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 leads to increased binding and replication potential in humans, as well as significantly higher replication and transmissibility in different animal models, providing an explanation for the global prevalence of this variant in the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies

Dami A. Collier et al.

Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited reduced neutralization by vaccines and antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, with a more substantial loss seen when introducing the E484K mutation. This mutation poses a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa

Houriiyah Tegally et al.

Summary: The article describes a newly emerged lineage of SARS-CoV-2, 501Y.V2, characterized by eight mutations in the spike protein, which may result in increased transmissibility or immune escape. This lineage originated in South Africa and quickly became dominant in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and KwaZuluNatal provinces within weeks.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection

Steven A. Kemp et al.

Summary: Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to viral evolution and increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals treated with convalescent plasma. During convalescent plasma therapy, there were significant shifts in the viral population structure and sensitivity, suggesting strong selection pressure on the virus during treatment.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The effect of the D614G substitution on the structure of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2

Donald J. Benton et al.

Summary: Studies indicate that the G614 mutant spike adopts more open conformations, which may facilitate binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the subsequent structural rearrangements required for viral membrane fusion.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape

Kevin R. McCarthy et al.

Summary: The translation above discusses zoonotic pandemics caused by animal viruses spilling over into highly susceptible human populations, specifically focusing on the evolution of coronaviruses in human hosts and the impact of recurrent deletions in the spike glycoprotein on antibody epitopes. These studies help understand the antigenic evolution and adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies host factors that regulate SARS-CoV-2 entry

Yunkai Zhu et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains a multi-basic cleavage site that affects virus entry and transmission, as shown in hamster models. Host factors affecting virus entry were identified through a genome-wide CRISPR screen.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 D614G spike mutation increases entry efficiency with enhanced ACE2-binding affinity

Seiya Ozono et al.

Summary: The naturally occurring mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can affect cell entry, with the D614G mutation resulting in increased cell entry and maintaining susceptibility to neutralization by antisera against prototypic viruses. Further global surveillance is needed to understand the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 among humans.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses

Jacqui Wise

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Biology

The Spike D614G mutation increases SARS-CoV-2 infection of multiple human cell types

Zharko Daniloski et al.

Summary: A novel variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus with mutation D614G has been found to be more effective at transducing human cells and showing increased infectivity in human cells compared to the wild-type variant.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mutational signatures and heterogeneous host response revealed via large-scale characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity

Alex Graudenzi et al.

Summary: This study conducted a large-scale analysis of intra-host genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2, revealing interactions between host-related mutational processes and transmission dynamics, as well as identifying mutational signatures related to nucleotide substitutions. The study also demonstrated the impact of purifying selection on these mutational processes, while some mutations transition towards clonality, increasing overall genomic diversity. Additionally, phylogenomic analysis supported the hypothesis of transmission of minor variants, paving the way for integrated analysis of intra-host genomic diversity and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

ISCIENCE (2021)

Letter Immunology

Genomic Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Involving E484K Spike Mutation, Brazil

Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka et al.

Summary: The case of reinfection from distinct virus lineages in Brazil with the E484K mutation raises concerns about the duration of protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, especially with the variant associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies. This highlights potential challenges for virus control measures.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Host-directed editing of the SARS-CoV-2 genome

Tobias Mourier et al.

Summary: The extensive sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 pandemic has facilitated the study of viral genome evolution, revealing instances of directional mutation pressures exerted on the genome by host antiviral defense systems. It discusses three human defense mechanisms – APOBEC, ADAR, and ROS – and their potential implications on SARS-CoV-2 evolution.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Bas B. Oude Munnink et al.

Summary: Animal experiments have shown that various animals can be infected by SARS-CoV-2, with evidence of animal-to-human transmission within mink farms. Investigation into mink farm outbreaks revealed that the virus was initially introduced by humans and has since evolved, causing transmission between mink farms. Despite enhanced biosecurity measures and culling, transmission occurred between farms in three large clusters with unknown modes of transmission, resulting in a high percentage of infections among mink farm residents and employees.

SCIENCE (2021)

Review Microbiology

Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2

Philip V'kovski et al.

Summary: This review discusses key aspects of coronavirus biology and their implications for SARS-CoV-2 infections, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding virus-host interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies. Summarizing the discoveries of SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparing it with other coronaviruses will support future preparedness and combat strategies.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 strains carrying a nucleotide mutation, leading to a stop codon in the ORF 6 protein

Serena Delbue et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from two Italian COVID-19 patients with distinct disease courses, showing a nucleotide mutation in the ORF6 gene. This mutation did not impact viral replication or neutralizing activities of antibodies. The deletion in the ORF6 protein might play a specific, yet unknown role in the viral pathogenesis by affecting the interaction between the virus and antiviral interferon.

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A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

Daniel Wrapp et al.

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Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

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Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets

Young-Il Kim et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Evidence for host-dependent RNA editing in the transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2

Salvatore Di Giorgio et al.

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Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection

Xiaojun Li et al.

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Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform

Tran Thi Nhu Thao et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins

Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam et al.

NATURE (2020)

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The Impact of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Viral Infectivity and Antigenicity

Qianqian Li et al.

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SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology

Natacha S. Ogando et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant

Leonid Yurkovetskiy et al.

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Coronavirus rips through Dutch mink farms, triggering culls

Martin Enserink

SCIENCE (2020)

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Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy

Hongjing Gu et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets

Mathilde Richard et al.

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SARS-CoV-2 growth, furin-cleavage-site adaptation and neutralization using serum from acutely infected hospitalized COVID-19 patients

William B. Klimstra et al.

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Emerging of a SARS-CoV-2 viral strain with a deletion in nsp1

Francesca Benedetti et al.

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Receptor binding and priming of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for membrane fusion

Donald J. Benton et al.

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Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions

Zunlong Ke et al.

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SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 binds the ribosomal mRNA channel to inhibit translation

Katharina Schubert et al.

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SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 hijacks Nup98 to block STAT nuclear import and antagonize interferon signaling

Lisa Miorin et al.

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Host Immune Response Driving SARS-CoV-2 Evolution

Rui Wang et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

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Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2

Hongjie Xia et al.

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A SARS-CoV-2 variant with the 12-bp deletion at E gene

Yi-Sheng Sun et al.

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Temporal signal and the phylodynamic threshold of SARS-CoV-2

Sebastian Duchene et al.

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Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host

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SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity

Lizhou Zhang et al.

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No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2

Lucy van Dorp et al.

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The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein has a broad tropism for mammalian ACE2 proteins

Carina Conceicao et al.

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A Clade of SARS-CoV-2 viruses associated with lower viral loads in patient upper airways

Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Analysis of genomic distributions of SARS-CoV-2 reveals a dominant strain type with strong allelic associations

Hsin-Chou Yang et al.

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SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo

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Massive dissemination of a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Y839 variant in Portugal

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Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 variants with deletions at the S1/S2 junction

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Beth N. Licitra et al.

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Scott E. Hensley et al.

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Diana Placido et al.

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E Minskaia et al.

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K Takeda et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2005)