Metabolome and lipidome derangements during a severe mast cell activation event in a patient with indolent systemic mastocytosis

Background: The number of mast cells in various organs is elevated manifold in individuals with systemic mastocytosis. Degranulation can lead to life-threatening symptomatology. No data about the alterations of the metabolome and lipidome during an attack have been published. Objective: Our aim was to analyze changes in metabolomics and lipidomics during the acute phase of a severe mast cell activation event. Methods: A total of 43 metabolites and 11 lipid classes comprising 200 subvariants from multiple plasma samples in duplicate, covering 72 hours of a severe mast cell activation attack with nausea and vomiting, were compared with 2 baseline samples by using quantitative liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry. Results: A strong enterocyte dysfunction reflected in an almost 20-fold reduction in the functional small bowel length was extrapolated from strongly reduced ornithine and citrulline concentrations and was very likely secondary to severe endothelial cell dysfunction with hypoperfusion and extensive vascular leakage. Highly increased histamine and lactate concentrations accompanied the peak in clinical symptoms. Elevated asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine levels combined with reduced arginine levels compromised endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide signaling. Specific and extensive depletion of many lysophosphatidylcholine variants indicates localized autotaxin activation and lysophosphatidic acid release. A strong correlation of clinical parameters with histamine concentrations and symptom reduction after 100-fold elevated plasma diamine oxidase concentrations implies that histamine is the key driver of the acute phase. Conclusions: Rapid elimination of elevated histamine concentrations through use of recombinant human diamine oxidase, supplementation of lysophosphatidylcholine for immunomodulation, inhibition of autotaxin activity, and/or blockade of lysophosphatidic acid receptors might represent new treatment options for life-threatening mast cell activation events. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021;148:1533-44.)

Automated summary

This study analyzed changes in metabolomics and lipidomics during a severe mast cell activation event, revealing an association between elevated histamine and lactate levels with clinical symptoms. The study suggests potential new treatment options such as using recombinant human diamine oxidase, supplementing lysophosphatidylcholine for immunomodulation, and inhibiting autotaxin activity.