Age of Information: An Introduction and Survey

We summarize recent contributions in the broad area of age of information (AoI). In particular, we describe the current state of the art in the design and optimization of low-latency cyberphysical systems and applications in which sources send time-stamped status updates to interested recipients. These applications desire status updates at the recipients to be as timely as possible; however, this is typically constrained by limited system resources. We describe AoI timeliness metrics and present general methods of AoI evaluation analysis that are applicable to a wide variety of sources and systems. Starting from elementary single-server queues, we apply these AoI methods to a range of increasingly complex systems, including energy harvesting sensors transmitting over noisy channels, parallel server systems, queueing networks, and various single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. We also explore how update age is related to MMSE methods of sampling, estimation and control of stochastic processes. The paper concludes with a review of efforts to employ age optimization in cyberphysical applications.

Automated summary

This paper summarizes recent contributions in the field of age of information (AoI), focusing on the design and optimization of low-latency cyberphysical systems and applications. It discusses AoI timeliness metrics, evaluation analysis methods, and their application to a variety of systems, including energy harvesting sensors, parallel server systems, queueing networks, and wireless networks. The paper also explores the relationship between update age and MMSE methods for stochastic processes. Finally, it reviews efforts to employ age optimization in cyberphysical applications.