期刊
GENOME BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
卷 13, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab081
关键词
venom; Cnidaria; Medusozoa; jellyfish toxins; pore-forming toxins; transcriptomics
资金
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ernest F. Hollings Undergraduate Scholarship
- University of Kansas (KU)
- National Science Foundation [IOS-1321759, DEB0953571]
- KU Graduate Research Fund [2105092]
- Smithsonian Institution Peter Buck postdoctoral fellowship
- KU One University Open Access Author Fund - KU
- KU One University Open Access Author Fund - KUMC
JFTs are highly toxic cnidarian-specific toxins, consisting of two distinct clades—JFT-1 and JFT-2. Research shows that certain sequences of cubozoan JFT-1 may be influenced by gene-wide positive selection, suggesting a potential mechanism for their high toxicity.
Many jellyfish species are known to cause a painful sting, but box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are a well-known danger to humans due to exceptionally potent venoms. Cubozoan toxicity has been attributed to the presence and abundance of cnidarian-specific pore-forming toxins called jellyfish toxins (JFTs), which are highly hemolytic and cardiotoxic. However, JFTs have also been found in other cnidarians outside of Cubozoa, and no comprehensive analysis of their phylogenetic distribution has been conducted to date. Here, we present a thorough annotation of JFTs from 147 cnidarian transcriptomes and document 111 novel putative JFTs from over 20 species within Medusozoa. Phylogenetic analyses show that JFTs form two distinct clades, which we call JFT-1 and JFT-2. JFT-1 includes all known potent cubozoan toxins, as well as hydrozoan and scyphozoan representatives, some of which were derived from medically relevant species. JFT-2 contains primarily uncharacterized JFTs. Although our analyses detected broad purifying selection across JFTs, we found that a subset of cubozoan JFT-1 sequences are influenced by gene-wide episodic positive selection compared with homologous toxins from other taxonomic groups. This suggests that duplication followed by neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization as a potential mechanism for the highly potent venom in cubozoans. Additionally, published RNA-seq data from several medusozoan species indicate that JFTs are differentially expressed, spatially and temporally, between functionally distinct tissues. Overall, our findings suggest a complex evolutionary history of JFTs involving duplication and selection that may have led to functional diversification, including variability in toxin potency and specificity.
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