4.7 Article

Non-additive effects of foundation species determine the response of aquatic ecosystems to nutrient perturbation

期刊

ECOLOGY
卷 102, 期 7, 页码 -

出版社

WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3371

关键词

aquatic ecosystems; chlorophyll; eutrophication; foundation species; high-frequency time series; metabolism; non-additive effects; perturbation

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资金

  1. Eawag
  2. Swiss National Science Foundation [310030L_166628, 206021_157750, 31003A_175614]
  3. Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment (ACE) at ETH Zurich
  4. Aquatic Ecology Department at Eawag
  5. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [31003A_175614, 206021_157750, 310030L_166628] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)

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This study manipulated the presence of two foundation species in outdoor experimental pond ecosystems and found that interactions between foundation species strongly influenced ecosystem responses to nutrient perturbation, causing surprising deviations from the expected responses of aquatic ecosystems.
Eutrophication is a persistent threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Foundation species, namely those that play a central role in the structuring of communities and functioning of ecosystems, are likely important for the resilience of aquatic ecosystems in the face of disturbance. However, little is known about how interactions among such species influence ecosystem responses to nutrient perturbation. Here, using an array (N = 20) of outdoor experimental pond ecosystems (15,000 L), we manipulated the presence of two foundation species, the macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum and the mussel Dreissena polymorpha, and quantified ecosystem responses to multiple nutrient disturbances, spread over two years. In the first year, we added five nutrient pulses, ramping up from 10 to 50 mu g P/L over a 10-week period from mid-July to mid-October, and in the second year, we added a single large pulse of 50 mu g P/L in mid-October. We used automated sondes to measure multiple ecosystems properties at high frequency (15-minute intervals), including phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter fluorescence, and to model whole-ecosystem metabolism. Overall, both foundation species strongly affected the ecosystem responses to nutrient perturbation, and, as expected, initially suppressed the increase in phytoplankton abundance following nutrient additions. However, when both species were present, phytoplankton biomass increased substantially relative to other treatment combinations: non-additivity was evident for multiple ecosystem metrics following the nutrient perturbations in both years but was diminished in the intervening months between our perturbations. Overall, these results demonstrate how interactions between foundation species can cause surprisingly strong deviations from the expected responses of aquatic ecosystems to perturbations such as nutrient additions.

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