Color evolution of a pyrrole-based enone dye in radical photopolymerization formulations

Dyes bearing vinyl expanded ketone core have been widely used as photointiator/sensitizer in visible light induced polymerization. However, little attention was paid to the color evolution of these dyes in photo polymerization formulation. In this work, a pyrrole-based ketone derivative (C3PY) was synthesized and characterized, which displays maximum absorption wavelength at 414 nm. Under 405 nm LED lamp, C3PY itself can initiate the radical polymerization of acrylates, during which significant photo-bleaching were observed and colorless polymer could be obtained. Addition of triethanolamine (TEOA) improved the monomer conversion. Very contrast, when combined with iodonium salt (ONI), C3PY/ONI resulted in deep colored acrylate polymer. Steady state photolysis experiments, NMR spectroscopy, and DFT/TDDFT calculations were performed to study the chromatic mechanism of C3PY in various formulation. Accordingly, some compounds were discreetly deduced to be responsible for the deep color in acrylate polymer. This work provided first investigation on the color change of pyrrole-based ketone dye in radical photopolymerization formulation, which may helpful to understand others dye?s chromatic behaviors in radical photopolymerization.

Automated summary

A new pyrrole-based ketone derivative (C3PY) was synthesized and characterized for its color evolution in photopolymerization. It was found that C3PY could initiate acrylate polymerization as a photoinitiator, with enhanced monomer conversion when triethanolamine was added, while combination with iodonium salt resulted in colored polymer formation. Various experiments and calculations were conducted to study the chromatic mechanism of C3PY in different formulations, revealing potential compounds responsible for the deep color in acrylate polymer. Overall, this work sheds light on the color change of pyrrole-based ketone dye in radical photopolymerization and its implications for understanding the chromatic behaviors of other dyes in such processes.