Using cortical non-invasive neuromodulation as a potential preventive treatment in schizophrenia- A review

Background: Evidence suggests that schizophrenia constitutes a neurodevelopmental disorder, charac-terized by a gradual emergence of behavioral and neurobiological abnormalities over time. Therefore, applying early interventions to prevent later manifestation of symptoms is appealing. Objective: This review focuses on the use of cortical neuromodulation in schizophrenia and its potential as a preventive treatment approach. We present clinical and preclinical findings investigating the use of neuromodulation in schizophrenia, including the current research focusing on cortical non-invasive stimulation and its possibility as a future preventive treatment. Methods: We performed a search in Medline (PubMed) in September 2020 using a combination of relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) and text words. The search included human and preclinical trials as well as existing systematic reviews and meta-analysis. There were no restrictions on language or the date of publication. Results: Neurodevelopmental animal models may be used to investigate how the disease progresses and thus which brain areas ideally should be targeted at a given time point. Here, abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex have been often identified as an early and persistent impairment in schizophrenia. Currently there is insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of neuromodulation to the cortex in adult patients with already manifested symptoms. However, preclinical results show that early non-invasive neuromodulation to the prefrontal cortex of adolescent animals, sufficiently prevents later psychosis-relevant abnormalities in adulthood. This points to the promising potential of cortical non -invasive neuromodulation as a preventive treatment when applied early in the course of the disease. Conclusion: Preclinical translational-oriented findings indicate, that neuromodulation to cortical areas offers the possibility of targeting early neuropathology and through this diminish the progression of a later schizophrenic profile. Further studies are needed to investigate whether such early cortical stim-ulation may serve as a future preventive treatment in schizophrenia. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

Schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, and early interventions may help prevent later manifestation of symptoms. Research indicates that early non-invasive neuromodulation to the prefrontal cortex of adolescent animals can effectively prevent later psychosis-relevant abnormalities in adulthood, demonstrating promising potential for preventive treatment.