Botulinum toxin in the management of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is common in rheumatic diseases. In the setting of systemic sclerosis (SSc), it can be complicated by digital ischemia that includes ulceration and gangrene. Systemic adverse effects may preclude the use of oral or topical vasodilators for the treatment of RP and its complications. In this article, we review effectiveness/efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in primary and secondary RP. We discuss botulinum toxin formulations, dosage, sites of administration, and adverse effects. The evidence for botulinum toxin in the treatment of primary and SSc-associated RP is promising. Consistency across patient populations, treatment options (botulinum serotype, dose, and injection site), and outcome measures will be essential for further research. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This article reviews the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in treating Raynaud's phenomenon and discusses formulations, dosages, administration sites, and adverse effects. The evidence for botulinum toxin in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon is promising, but further research is needed to ensure consistency in treatment outcomes across different patient populations and treatment options.