The impact of antifouling layers in fabricating bioactive surfaces

The nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion will cause unwanted background ?noise? on the surface of biological materials and detecting devices and compromise the performance of functional molecules and, therefore, impair the performance of materials and the sensitivity of devices. In addition, the selection of antifouling surfaces with proper chain length and high grafting density is also of great importance and requires further studies. Otherwise, the surface-tethered bioactive molecules may not function in their optimal status or even fail to display their functions. Based on these two critical issues, we summarize antifouling molecules with different structures, variable grafting methods, and diverse applications in biomaterials and biomedical devices reported in literature. Overall, we expect to shed some light on choosing the appropriate antifouling molecules in fabricating bioactive surfaces. Bioactive surfaces modified with functional peptides are critical for both fundamental research and prac-tical application of implant materials and tissue repair. However, when bioactive molecules are tethered on biomaterial surfaces, their functions can be compromised due to unwanted fouling (mainly nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion). In recent years, researchers have continuously studied antifouling strategies to obtain low background noise and effectively present the function of bioactive molecules. In this review, we describe several commonly used antifouling strategies and analyzed their advantages and drawbacks. Among these strategies, antifouling molecules are widely used to construct the antifoul -ing layer of various bioactive surfaces. Subsequently, we summarize various structures of antifouling molecules and their surface grafting methods and characteristics. Application of these functionalized sur-faces in microarray, biosensors, and implants are also introduced. Finally, we discuss the primary chal-lenges associated with antifouling layers in fabricating bioactive surfaces and provide prospects for the future development of this field. Statement of significance The nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion will cause unwanted background ?noise? on the surface of biological materials and detecting devices and compromise the performance of functional molecules and, therefore, impair the performance of materials and the sensitivity of devices. In addi-tion, the selection of antifouling surfaces with proper chain length and high grafting density is also of great importance and requires further studies. Otherwise, the surface-tethered bioactive molecules may not function in their optimal status or even fail to display their functions. Based on these two critical issues, we summarize antifouling molecules with different structures, variable grafting methods, and di-verse applications in biomaterials and biomedical devices reported in literature. Overall, we expect to shed some light on choosing the appropriate antifouling molecules in fabricating bioactive surfaces. ? 2021 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study highlights the negative impact of nonspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion on the surface of biological materials and detecting devices, emphasizing the importance of choosing appropriate antifouling surfaces, structures, and grafting methods. Researchers have continuously studied antifouling strategies to minimize background noise and effectively present the function of bioactive molecules on surfaces.