Structural Engineering of Organic D-A-π-A Dyes Incorporated with a Dibutyl-Fluorene Moiety for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Structural engineering of the light-harvesting dyes employed in DSSCs (dye-sensitized solar cells) with a systematic choice of the electron-donating and -accepting groups as well as the p-bridge allows the (photo)physical properties of dyes to match the criteria needed for improving the DSSC efficiency. Herein, we report an effective approach of molecular engineering of DSSC sensitizers, aiming to gain insights on the configurational impact of the fluorenyl unit on the optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. Five new organic dyes (GZ116, GZ126, GZ129, MA1116, and MA1118) with a D-A-pi-A framework integrated with a fluorenyl moiety were designed and synthesized for DSSCs. The fluorenyl unit is configured as part of the p-spacer for the GZ series, whereas it connected on the electron-deficient quinoxaline motif for the MA series. The devices fabricated from the MA1116 sensitizer produced the best performance under standard AM 1.5 G solar conditions as well as dim-light (300-6000 lx) illumination. The devices fabricated from MA1116 displayed a PCE of 8.68% (J(sc) = 15.00 mA cm(-2), V-oc = 0.82 V, and FF = 0.71) under 1 sun and 26.81% (J(sc) = 0.93 mA cm(-2), V-oc = 0.68 V, and FF = 0.76) under 6000 lx illumination. The device efficiency based on dye MA1116 under 1 sun outperformed that based on the standard N719 dye, whereas a comparable performance between devices based on MA1116 and N719 was achieved under dim-light conditions. A combination of enhancing the charge separation, suppressing dye aggregation, and providing better insulation that prevents the oxidized redox mediator from approaching the TiO2 surface all contribute to the superior performance of DSSCs fabricated based on these light-harvesting dyes. The judicious integration of the fluorenyl unit in a D-A-pi-A-based DSSC would be a promising strategy to boost the device performance.

Automated summary

By systematically choosing electron-donating and -accepting groups, as well as engaging in proper molecular engineering incorporating fluorenyl units, researchers have successfully developed organic dyes that significantly improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The optimization of the D-A-pi-A framework integrated with the fluorenyl moiety has shown promising results in enhancing the optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. Devices fabricated with the MA1116 sensitizer demonstrated superior performance under standard AM 1.5 G solar conditions and dim-light illumination, showcasing the potential of fluorenyl unit integration in boosting DSSC efficiency.