Use of population input functions for reduced scan duration whole-body Patlak 18F-FDG PET imaging

Whole-body Patlak images can be obtained from an acquisition of first 6 min of dynamic imaging over the heart to obtain the arterial input function (IF), followed by multiple whole-body sweeps up to 60 min pi. The use of a population-averaged IF (PIF) could exclude the first dynamic scan and minimize whole-body sweeps to 30-60 min pi. Here, the effects of (incorrect) PIFs on the accuracy of the proposed Patlak method were assessed. In addition, the extent of mitigating these biases through rescaling of the PIF to image-derived IF values at 30-60 min pi was evaluated. Methods Using a representative IF and rate constants from the literature, various tumour time-activity curves (TACs) were simulated. Variations included multiplication of the IF with a positive and negative gradual linear bias over 60 min of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% (generating TACs using an IF different from the PIF); use of rate constants (K-1, k(3), and both K-1 and k(2)) multiplied by 2, 1.5, and 0.75; and addition of noise (mu = 0 and sigma = 5, 10 and 15%). Subsequent Patlak analysis using the original IF (representing the PIF) was used to obtain the influx constant (K-i) for the differently simulated TACs. Next, the PIF was scaled towards the (simulated) IF value using the 30-60-min pi time interval, simulating scaling of the PIF to image-derived values. Influence of variabilities in IF and rate constants, and rescaling the PIF on bias in K-i was evaluated. Results Percentage bias in K-i observed using simulated modified IFs varied from - 16 to 16% depending on the simulated amplitude and direction of the IF modifications. Subsequent scaling of the PIF reduced these K-i biases in most cases (287 out of 290) to < 5%. Conclusions Simulations suggest that scaling of a (possibly incorrect) PIF to IF values seen in whole-body dynamic imaging from 30 to 60 min pi can provide accurate Ki estimates. Consequently, dynamic Patlak imaging protocols may be performed for 30-60 min pi making whole-body Patlak imaging clinically feasible.

Automated summary

The study evaluates the effects of using population-averaged IFs and rescaling them to image-derived values on the accuracy of the Patlak method for whole-body imaging. Simulations suggest that scaling an incorrect PIF to IF values obtained from 30 to 60 minutes pi can provide accurate Ki estimates, reducing biases in most cases. This indicates that dynamic Patlak imaging protocols may be performed for 30-60 minutes pi, making whole-body Patlak imaging clinically feasible.