期刊
MICROORGANISMS
卷 9, 期 3, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030577
关键词
Legionella; water systems; Water Safety Plan; disinfection methods; emerging technologies
类别
Legionella can exist as planktonic bacteria in water or grow within biofilms on pipes, it has various survival states and adaptabilities. Environmental factors regulating Legionella growth and water treatment distribution conditions are crucial for its survival, implementing water management plans is the main prevention measure.
Legionella is able to remain in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to the pipes. It is also able to enter amoebas or to switch into a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state, which contributes to its resistance to harsh conditions and hinders its detection in water. Factors regulating Legionella growth, such as environmental conditions, type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, presence of protozoa, spatial location of microorganisms, metal plumbing components, and associated corrosion products are important for Legionella survival and growth. Finally, water treatment and distribution conditions may affect each of these factors. A deeper comprehension of Legionella interactions in water distribution systems with the environmental conditions is needed for better control of the colonization. To this purpose, the implementation of water management plans is the main prevention measure against Legionella. A water management program requires coordination among building managers, health care providers, and Public Health professionals. The review reports a comprehensive view of the state of the art and the promising perspectives of both monitoring and disinfection methods against Legionella in water, focusing on the main current challenges concerning the Public Health sector.
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