Rechargeable anion-shuttle batteries for low-cost energy storage

As promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, rechargeable anion-shuttle batteries (ASBs) with anions as charge carriers stand out because of their low cost, long cyclic lifetime, and/or high energy density. In this review, we provide for the first time, comprehensive insights into the anion shuttling mechanisms of ASBs, including anion-based rocking-chair batteries (ARBs), dual-ion batteries (DIBs), including insertion-type, conversion-type, and conversion-insertion-type, and reverse dual-ion batteries (RDIBs). Thereafter, we review the latest progresses and challenges regarding electrode materials and electrolytes for ASBs. In addition, we summarize the existing dilemmas of ASBs and outline the perspective of ASB technology for future grid storage.

Automated summary

ASBs, as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, have advantages such as low cost, long cyclic lifetime, and high energy density. This review comprehensively provides insights into the anion shuttling mechanisms of ASBs, including ARBs, DIBs, and RDIBs, while also discussing the latest progresses and challenges in electrode materials and electrolytes for ASBs. Additionally, it summarizes the existing dilemmas of ASBs and outlines the perspective of ASB technology for future grid storage.