Impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality: a review of literature, regulatory frameworks and an analysis of information gaps

A review of available literature and current governance approaches related to the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality (including drinking water) was developed. The paper identifies gaps in literature and (or) current governance approaches that should be addressed to guide decision-makers in the development of appropriate regulatory regimes that will enable assessment of the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water quality. The lack of credible and comprehensive data are shown to have been a major setback to properly investigate and monitor hydraulic fracturing activities and their potential risks on the environment and water quality. A review of current governance approaches demonstrates that some jurisdictions have implemented baseline and post-operation water quality monitoring requirements; however, there are large variations in site-specific monitoring requirements across Canada and the United States. In light of recent information, a targeted approach is suggested based on risk priorities, which can prioritize sample collection and frequency, target contaminants, and the needed duration of the sampling. The steps outlined in this review help to interface with the public concerns associated with water quality, and appropriately ensure that public health is protected through appropriate water safety planning.