Impaired Cellular Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Severe COVID-19 Patients

The high infection rate and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) make it a world-wide pandemic. Individuals infected by the virus exhibited different degrees of symptoms, and most convalescent individuals have been shown to develop both cellular and humoral immune responses. However, virus-specific adaptive immune responses in severe patients during acute phase have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we found that in a group of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during hospitalization, most of them mounted SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses, including neutralizing antibodies. However, compared to healthy controls, the percentages and absolute numbers of both NK cells and CD8(+) T cells were significantly reduced, with decreased IFN gamma expression in CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood from severe patients. Most notably, their peripheral blood lymphocytes failed in producing IFN gamma against viral proteins. Thus, severe COVID-19 patients at acute infection stage developed SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses but were impaired in cellular immunity, which emphasizes on the role of cellular immunity in COVID-19.

Automated summary

Severe COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) showed specific antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, but had reduced levels of NK cells and CD8(+) T cells, as well as decreased IFN gamma expression in CD4(+) T cells. Their lymphocytes in peripheral blood failed to produce IFN gamma against viral proteins, highlighting the importance of cellular immunity in COVID-19.