期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
卷 148, 期 -, 页码 475-483出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.001
关键词
Air quality; Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Particulate matter; Traffic; Health impact evaluation
资金
- Dutch Academic Collaborative Centre Environmental Health
- Air Quality Program Offices of the City of Amsterdam
- Air Quality Program Offices of the City of Utrecht
- Air Quality Program Offices of the City of Diemen
- Province North Brabant
- Joint Air Quality Initiative (JOAQUIN) project part of EU Interreg IV-B NEW Program, 247H, Joaquin Partner 4
Background: Although the health effects of long term exposure to air pollution are well established, it is difficult to effectively communicate the health risks of this (largely invisible) risk factor to the public and policy makers. The purpose of this study is to develop a method that expresses the health effects of air pollution in an equivalent number of daily passively smoked cigarettes. Methods: Defined changes in PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Black Carbon (BC) concentration were expressed into number of passively smoked cigarettes, based on equivalent health risks for four outcome measures: Low Birth Weight ( <2500 g at term), decreased lung function (FEV1), cardiovascular mortality and lung cancer. To describe the strength of the relationship with ETS and air pollutants, we summarized the epidemiological literature using published or new meta-analyses. Results: Realistic increments of 10 mu g/m(3) in PM2.5 and NO2 concentration and a 1 mu g/m(3) increment in BC concentration correspond to on average (standard error in parentheses) 5.5 (1.6), 2.5 (0.6) and 4.0 (1.2) passively smoked cigarettes per day across the four health endpoints, respectively. The uncertainty reflects differences in equivalence between the health endpoints and uncertainty in the concentration response functions. The health risk of living along a major freeway in Amsterdam is, compared to a counterfactual situation with 'clean' air, equivalent to 10 daily passively smoked cigarettes.. Conclusions: We developed a method that expresses the health risks of air pollution and the health benefits of better air quality in a simple, appealing manner. The method can be used both at the national/regional and the local level. Evaluation of the usefulness of the method as a communication tool is needed. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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