Urinary bisphenol A is associated with dysregulation of HPA-axis function in pregnant women: Findings from the APrON cohort study

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in rodents, but evidence in humans is lacking. Objective: To determine whether BPA exposure during pregnancy is associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis, we examined the association between urinary BPA concentrations and diurnal salivary cortisol in pregnant women. Secondary analyses investigated whether the association between BPA and cortisol was dependent on fetal sex. Methods: Diurnal salivary cortisol and urinary BPA were collected during pregnancy from 174 women in a longitudinal cohort study, the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study. Associations between BPA and daytime cortisol and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were estimated using mixed models after adjusting for covariates. Results: Higher concentrations of total BPA uncorrected for urinary creatinine were associated with dysregulation of the daytime cortisol pattern, including reduced cortisol at waking, beta = -.055, 95% CI (-.100, -.010) and a flatter daytime pattern, beta = .014, 95% CI (.006, .022) and beta = -.0007 95% CI (-.001, -.0002) for the linear and quadratic slopes, respectively. Effect sizes in creatinine corrected BPA models were slightly smaller. None of the interactions between fetal sex and BPA were significant (all 95% CI's include zero). Conclusions: These findings provide the first human evidence suggesting that BPA exposure is associated with dysregulation of HPA-axis function during pregnancy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.