Gradual Replacement of Ca2+ with Mg2+ Ions in Brushite for the Production of Ca1-xMgxHPO4•nH2O Materials

The present study investigates the gradual replacement of Ca2+ with Mg2+ ions in brushite (CaHPO4 center dot 2H(2)O). To date, this approach has not been systematically explored and may prove beneficial for the production of Ca1-xMgxHPO4 center dot nH(2)O materials with tailored properties which are suitable for environmental and medical applications. For their production, solutions of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dehydrate, NaH2PO4 center dot 2H(2)O, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)(2)center dot 4H(2)O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, Mg(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O and ammonium hydroxide solution, NH4OH, were used. At low Mg/Ca molar ratios (up to 0.25) in the starting solution, partial replacement of Ca with Mg takes place (Mg doping) but no struvite is produced as discrete phase. When the Mg/Ca molar ratio increases gradually to 1.5, in addition to Mg-doped brushite, struvite, NH4MgPO4 center dot 6H(2)O, precipitates. The microstructure of the materials produced for different degrees of Ca replacement with Mg has been analyzed in depth with the use of powdered XRD (X-ray diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The results of this study prove that the Mg/Ca ratio in the starting solution can be monitored in such a way that materials with tailored composition are obtained.

Automated summary

The study investigates the gradual replacement of Ca2+ with Mg2+ ions in brushite to produce Ca1-xMgxHPO4 center dot nH(2)O materials suitable for environmental and medical applications. Analysis using XRD, XPS, TG, and SEM shows that the microstructure of the materials varies with the degree of Ca replacement through Mg doping. Monitoring the Mg/Ca ratio in the starting solution allows for the obtainment of materials with tailored composition.