Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Asthma in Children

IMPORTANCE The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in children has increased substantially in recent years, concurrently with emerging concerns that these drugs may increase the risk of asthma. Whether PPI use in the broad pediatric population is associated with increased risk of asthma is not known. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between PPI use and risk of asthma in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This nationwide cohort study collected registry data in Sweden from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016. Children and adolescents 17 years or younger were matched by age and propensity score into 80 870 pairs of those who initiated PPI use and those who did not. Data were analyzed from February 1 to September 1, 2020. EXPOSURES Initiation of PPI use. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary analysis examined the risk of incident asthma with a median follow-up to 3.0 (interquartile range, 2.1-3.0) years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS Among the 80 870 pairs (63.0% girls; mean [SD] age, 12.9 [4.8] years), those who initiated PPI use had a higher incidence rate of asthma (21.8 events per 1000 person-years) compared with noninitiators (14.0 events per 1000 person-years), with an HR of 1.57 (95% CI, 1.49-1.64). The risk of asthma was significantly increased across all age groups and was highest for infants and toddlers with an HR of 1.83 (95% CI, 1.65-2.03) in the group younger than 6 months and 1.91(95% CI, 1.65-2.22) in the group 6 months to younger than 2 years (P < .001for interaction). The HRs for individual PPIs were 1.64 (95% CI, 1.50-1.79) for esomeprazole, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.25-1.78) for lansoprazole. 1.43 (95% CI, 1.35-1.51) for omeprazole, and 2.33 (95% CI, 1.30-4.18) for pantoprazole. In analyses of the timing of asthma onset after PPI initiation, the HRs were 1.62 (95% Cl. 1.42-1.85) for 0 to 90 days, 1.73 (95% CI, 1.52-1.98) for 91to 180 days. and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.45-1.62) for 181days to end of follow-up. The association was consistent through all sensitivity analyses, including high-dimensional propensity score matching (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.41-1.55). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, initiation of PPI use compared with nonuse was associated with an increased risk of asthma in children. Proton pump inhibitors should be prescribed to children only when clearly indicated, weighing the potential benefit against potential harm.

Automated summary

In this cohort study, initiation of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in children was associated with a higher risk of asthma compared to non-use, with the highest impact seen in infants and toddlers. Individual PPIs also showed varying levels of risk, with pantoprazole demonstrating the highest risk among the PPIs studied.